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Micro/immuno exam 1 2015 > Bailey Study Guide Bacterial Infection > Flashcards

Bailey Study Guide Bacterial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six steps to the infectious disease process?

A
  1. encounter
  2. entry
  3. colonization and/or invasion
  4. multiplication and/or spread
  5. damage
  6. outcome
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2
Q

Describe an encounter with an infectious agent.

A

Coming in contact with an infectious agent

*encounter DOES NOT ensure infection

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3
Q

For an infection to take hold the step after encounter is known as ___, where bacteria find their way into the body.

A

entry

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4
Q

Pathogens must first ___ a surface before causing disease.

A

colonize (adhere to host tissue)

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5
Q

What are the different kinds of colonization?

A
  1. nonspecific adherence
    - reversible adherence
    - docking
    ex) Brownian movement (random interactions), electrostatic attractions, interactions with glycocalyx or extraceullar matrices
  2. Specific adherence: adherence involving adhesins
    - irreversible
    - anchoring
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6
Q

Where are adhesions usually found and are the interactions between them usually specific or nonspecific?

A
  • adhesions are often found on fimbrae (pili) but can be found in capsules or cell surface
  • interactions are specific- adhesin receptors are specific for adhesins
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7
Q

Why does S mutans (the cause of carries) bind to tooth pellicle?

A

the adhesin is Glucosyl transferase which binds to salivary protein that is involved in pellicle formation

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8
Q

Some pathogens only ___, but most ___.

A

colonize

invade

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9
Q

Entry into a host can be thought of as two different processes. Describe each.

A
  1. ingress of microorganisms into body cavities that are contiguous with the outside (inhalation or ingestion)
  2. penetration or microorganisms into deeper tissues after crossing an epithelial barrier (insect bites, cuts, organ transplants, blood transfusion)
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10
Q

The nose, mouth, respiratory tract, alimentary canal, anus, female genital tract, and urinary tract are all in direct contact with the exterior and therefore are generally not considered inside the body.

A

just know that

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11
Q

Penetration of bacteria into epithelial cells usually involves two steps: ___ to specific receptors followed by ___.

A

attachment

internalization

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12
Q

How do bacteria take up nutrients?

A
  1. carrier-mediated diffusion (facilitated)
    - concentration gradient
  2. phosphorylation-linked transport (group translocation)
  3. Active transport (energy dependent)
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13
Q

To invade, pathogens must have specific virulence factors that allows them to invade the host. These are generally referred to as ___.

A

invasins

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14
Q

Secreted ___ can facilitate invasions.

A

enzymes

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15
Q

The ___ of microbes is important for disease progression and often occurs with multiplication

A

spread

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16
Q

Describe the two mechanisms of spread.

A
  1. lateral propagation to contiguous tissues (multiply then spread)
  2. Dissemination to distant sites (spread then multiply)
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17
Q

What are the different causes of damage due to infection?

A
  • Host response: phagoctyes, cytotoxic T cell activity

- infectious organism: lytic viral infections, invasins damage host tissue, toxin producing microbes

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18
Q

Disease symptoms are often dependent upon pathogen ___.

A

density

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19
Q

What are the was damage can be caused to the infected organism?

A
  • host response: phagocytes, cytotoxin T cell activity

- Infectious organism: lytic viral infections, invasins damage host tissue, toxin producing microbes

20
Q

What are the different types of toxins?

A
  • endotoxins: component of cell wall (the term endotoxin generally reserved for lipopolysaccharide)
  • Exotoxins: soluble substances secreted into host tissue
    • cytotoxins: lyse cells
      • hemolysis: lyse RBCs
      • leukocidins: lyse white blood cells
    • enterotoxins: affect intestinal cells
    • neurotoxins: affect neurons
21
Q

The ___ is the end result of an infection, wether it be no disease, disease, death, etc.

A

outcome

22
Q

___ size is important in establishing an infection (varies with different organisms)

A

inoculum

23
Q

What are the 4 possible outcomes of a host-parasite interaction?

A
  1. the host wins and clears the infection
  2. the parasite overcomes the host
  3. the host and parasite adapt to each other
  4. neither host or parasite win. this chronic infection can continue indefinitely
24
Q

Most microorganisms are ___. They coexist without causing harm

A

commensal

25
Q

What is a category of microbes that can grow with limited nutrients?

A

oligotrophs

26
Q

What type of microbe require some oxygen, but lower levels of oxygen.

A

microaerophiles

27
Q

What type of microbe grow well in mild temperatures (15-45 degrees C)

A

mesophiles

28
Q

Gram ___ bacteria hace a thick cell wall made up of murein (peptidoglycan).

A

positive

29
Q

___ is made up of long chains of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosmine linked together by short polypeptides

A

Murein

30
Q

Gram ___ bacteria have a thin layer of murein between two membranes (lipid bilayers)

A

negative

31
Q

The outside of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is made up of ____ that is different for different bacteria.

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

32
Q

LPS is an ___ even in it purified form

A

endotoxin

33
Q

LPS is made up of a lipid region (fatty acids attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide) that faces into the membrane and a ___ region that faces out

A

polysaccharide

34
Q

The outer ___ region is highly variable and antigenic

A

O-antigen

35
Q

What are some extracellular structures pathogens can have?

A
  1. pili (fimbrae)
  2. flagella
  3. glycocalyx
36
Q

___ are involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and other surfaces

A

pili (fimbrae)

37
Q

___ are specialized proteins that are more specifically developed for adherence

A

adhesins (on tip of fimbrae)

38
Q

Bacteria can have one flagella, known as ___, a few known as ___, and a lot known as ___.

A

monotrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous

39
Q

Flagella cause movement when they rotate ___, and tumbling when they rotate ___.

A

counterclockwise

clockwise

40
Q

When movement by bacteria is directed, it is referred to as ___.

A

taxis

41
Q

Taxis can be directed toward or away from a stimuli. Some examples of the different kinds of taxis are ___, ___, ___, and ___.

A

chemotaxis,
aerotaxis,
osmotaxis,
thermotaxis

42
Q

___ is a substance that surrounds a cell.

A

glycocalyx

43
Q

Glycocalyx that is well organized, firmly attached is called ___.

A

capsule

44
Q

Capsules are usually made of ___, but can include ___ and ___.

A

polysaccharides,
monosaccharides, and
glycoproteins

45
Q

Glycocalyx that is not well organized or firmly attached is called a ___.

A

slime layer

46
Q

Why are capsules beneficial to pathogens?

A

For some bacteria, encapsulation is necessary for the virulence factor. ex) strep pneumoniae

47
Q

Can the immune system ever recognize a bacterium that has a capsule?

A

yes, troll like receptor 5 can recognize flagella and sometimes the capsular polysaccharide can be recognized

Micro/immuno exam 1 2015 (3 decks)

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