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Fundamentals of Anatomy and Biomechanics > Balance and Postural Control > Flashcards

Balance and Postural Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is balance?

A

The ability to move or remain in a position without loosing control or falling.

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2
Q

What is balance control?

A

The ability to maintain the centre of pressure inside the base of support.

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3
Q

What is Centre of Mass?

A

Unique point around which the object’s mass is equally distributed in all directions.

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4
Q

What is Centre of Gravity/Pressure?

A

Vertical projection of centre of mass.

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5
Q

What is Base of Support?

A

Area of the object that is in contact with the ground.

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6
Q

What are the two types of balance?

A

Static
Dynamic

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7
Q

What is static balance?

A

Ability to maintain the body in same fixed posture.

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8
Q

What is dynamic balance?

A

Ability to maintain balance while the body parts are in motion.

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9
Q

What is an example of static balance?

A

Unipedal (one foot) standing in a stable or unstable surface.

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10
Q

What is an example of dynamic balance?

A

Jumping on one leg
Transferring weight from one leg to another

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11
Q

What does good static and dynamic balance reduce the risk of?

A

Injuries and falls.

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12
Q

What is one of the most important goals in training?

A

Balance control improvement.

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13
Q

What is better balance strongly positively associated with?

A

Enhanced athletic performance.

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14
Q

What is better balance negatively associated with?

A

Lower limb sports injuries.

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15
Q

What mechanical factors affect balance?

A
  • Size and shape
  • Height of the Centre of Mass
  • Position of Centre of Mass
  • Mass of body
  • Segmental alignment
  • Friction
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16
Q

What is Height of Centre of Mass?

A

Position of the centre of mass with respect to the base of the support.

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17
Q

What is Segmental Alignment?

A

Line of gravity should pass through specific points of the body.

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18
Q

What are the points of Segmental Alignment?

A
  • Lobe of Ear
  • Shoulder Joint
  • Hip joint
  • Greater trochanter of Femur
  • Midline of Knee joint
  • Lateral Malleolus
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19
Q

What are the two balance mechanisms whilst standing?

A

Forward Sway
Backward Sway

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20
Q

What muscles does a forward sway strategy ankle dominant use?

A

Paraspinals
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius

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21
Q

What muscles does a forward sway strategy hip dominant use?

A

Abdominals
Quadriceps

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22
Q

What muscles does a backward sway strategy ankle dominant use?

A

Abdominals
Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior

23
Q

What muscles does a backward sway strategy hip dominant use?

A

Paraspinals
Hamstrings

24
Q

How does the balance system work?

A

Depends on information received by the brain from three peripheral sources

25
Q

What are the three peripheral sources that the brain receives information from?

A

Proprioceptive inputs
Vestibular inputs
Visual inputs

26
Q

What are proprioceptive inputs?

A

Originate from cutaneous receptors, articular receptors and muscle receptors

27
Q

What are vestibular inputs?

A

Originate from inner ear (temporal bone)

28
Q

What are visual inputs?

A

Originate from eye

29
Q

What do the cutaneous receptors in the ‘foot sole contribution’ inform the brain?

A

About the distribution of our weight around the base of support

30
Q

What acts as a ‘pressure map’?

A

The foot sole codes for changes in foot pressure

31
Q

What does the ‘pressure map’ monitor?

A

The pressure changes encountered with movements of the centre of pressure across the foot sole.

32
Q

What do the intramuscular receptors inform the brain about?

A

Length and tension of muscles

33
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of muscle

34
Q

What does the golgi tendon organ sense?

A

Changes in muscle tension

35
Q

What are antigravity muscles crucial for?

A

Upright balance

36
Q

Give examples of antigravity muscles

A

Ankle plantarflexor
Knee extensor
Hip extensor
Trunk extensor

37
Q

What do the intra-articular receptors inform the brain about?

A

The position of the joint

38
Q

What ligaments are crucial for balance?

A

Ankle and knee

39
Q

What are key components of rehabilitation programs?

A

Static and dynamic balance

40
Q

What does the vestibular system inform the brain about?

A

Head motion, head position and head spatial orientation

41
Q

What is the vestibular system composed by?

A

3 semicircular canals

42
Q

Where is the vestibular system found?

A

Temporal bone

43
Q

What are the components of the vestibular system?

A

Vestibular labyrinth - 5 sensory organs in inner ear
Utricle and succule - linear acceleration
3 semicircular canals - angular acceleration

44
Q

What is vision responsible for?

A

Movement in relation to the surrounding objects

45
Q

What does the visual system provide a reference for?

A

Horizontal in the environment

46
Q

What increases with the improvement of the visual environment?

A

Postural stability

47
Q

What are head righting reactions?

A

The midbrain level reflexes are designed to maintain eyes in the horizontal plane

48
Q

What are the two functional classes of eye movements?

A

Gaze stabilisation
Gaze shifting

49
Q

What is gaze stabilisation?

A

Stabilisation of the eye when the head moves or appears to move

50
Q

What is gaze shifting?

A

Keeping the image of a visual target focused on the fovea of the eye when the visual target changes or moves

51
Q

What two ways can we evaluate balance?

A

Observation
Quantitative data

52
Q

What is the observational approach to evaluate balance?

A

Tests to assess functional daily living abilities

53
Q

What is the approach to evaluate balance based on quantitative data?

A

Force plates or accelerometers

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Biomechanics (14 decks)

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