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Ballistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal ballistics?

A

The scientific study of the operating process within the gun from the moment that the propellant is ignited until the projectile leaves the barrel

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2
Q

What are the 4 phases of ballistics?

A

Interior
Intermediate
Exterior
Terminal

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3
Q

What are the 3 objectives of internal ballistics?

A

Launch the projectile safety
Consistent performance between shots
Achieve the highest possible muzzle velocity

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4
Q

What is muzzle press?

A

Peak over pressure at the muzzle upon breakage of the projectile bore seal

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5
Q

What are the 4 phases of internal ballistics?

A

Charge ignition
Combustion prior to projectile motion
Combustion up to the all burnt point
Gas flow and projectile motion after all burnt point to muzzle

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6
Q

Explain charge initiation?

A
  • the propellant is usually initiated by either a percussion or electrical primer
  • the primer releases hot gases and particles into the charge
  • the hot gas flow causes the propellants surface temperature to increase
  • this hot gas flow is like a blast wave through the chamber
  • the gas flow also increases the pressure within the chamber
  • the high temperature and pressure causes the propellant to initiate
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7
Q

The primer needs to ensure consistent and effective charge initiation or otherwise what will happen?

A

Irregular initiation will lead to misfires and variations between shots

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8
Q

What is primer leakage?

A

Pressure loss due to the primer in the cartridge case not providing obturation

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9
Q

The primer must what 2 things?

A

Provide obturation to avoid pressure loss

Withstand the initiation forces (firing pin impact), pierced primer

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10
Q

What does piobert’s law describe?

A

The surface of deflagrating propellants will recede layer by layer in a direction normal to the surface

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11
Q

Explain burning rate?

A

Is the rate at which a granule reduces in size as the burning of that granule occurs on all sides

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12
Q

What is pressure index?

A

Coefficient which relates to changes in burning rate to changes in pressure

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13
Q

What is burning characteristics of propellant composition?

A

Burning rate
Pressure index
Force constant
Co-volume

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14
Q

What is burning characteristics of propellant granule?

A

The ballistic size

The form function

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15
Q

What is co-volume?

A

The volume occupied by the molecules of a kg of propellant in a gaseous state

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16
Q

What is force constant?

A

A measure of the pressure which a unit mass of propellant produces in a fixed volume

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17
Q

Force constant = what?

A

Force constant = maximum pressure X effective volume of closed-vessel / mass of propellant

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18
Q

What is ballistic size?

A

Is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of a propellant granule

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19
Q

What is form function?

A

How the surface area of a propellant grain of a particular shape changes during combustion

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20
Q

What type of propellant will effect the internal ballistic phase?

A

Single vs double

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21
Q

7 Characteristics of propellant?

A 
Burning rate
Pressure index
Co volume 
Force constant 
Ballistic size
Form function 
Single vs double
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22
Q

Single based propellant has a what burn which results in a what pressure for a what period?

A

Single
Higher
Short

23
Q

Double based’s what burn results in what pressures for a what duration?

A

Double
Lower
Longer

24
Q

(11)what is the firing sequence?

A
  • Initiation of the primer
  • Propellant combustion
  • Increase in pressure & temp thereby increasing the burn rate
  • Shot start
  • Acceleration of the projectile
  • Peak pressure
  • increase in volume
  • all burn point
  • acceleration increases
  • pressure is 1/16 of peak pressure when the projectile is at the muzzle
  • entire process from initiation to muzzle exit less then 15 milliseconds
25
Areas of Distribution of energy when the gun is fired? (6)
``` Projectile-32% Residual heat of the gases-42% Recoil of the gun-0.2% Engraving the driving band/barrel friction-2.8% Unburnt charges and gases-3% Heat lose to the gun-20% ```
26
What are the effects of variations? (7)
``` Charge weight Propellant size Chamber capacity Ignition temperature Shot start Bore area Multiple variations ```
27
What are the four ballistic abnormalities?
Occasion to occasion effect The warmer (cold gun) effect Order of fire Ballistic hump
28
How can the round to round regularity of muzzle velocity be improved?
If burning finishes while the shell is still well back in the bore
29
What is the effect of using a multi tubular propellant on internal ballistics?
The peak pressure is reduced but the projectile still gets good energy levels
30
What is the effect on internal ballistics of using a projectile of normal weight, but shorter and of larger diameter than normal?
The same muzzle velocity is achieved with a pressure which is everywhere less than with the standard shot
31
Definition of intermediate ballistics?
The study of the transition from internal to external ballistics that occurs in the vicinity of the muzzle
32
Two phases of gas flow field?
The precursor blast field that proceeds the projectile exit from the muzzle The main blast field that follows as high pressure propellant gases are ejected into the air
33
Two parts of bottle shock?
Barrel shock-sides | Mach disc-front
34
2 main blast field effects?
As the propellant is travelling quicker than the projectile, it will catch up to the projectile and possibly impart a small amount of acceleration The forces could also cause the projectile to yaw as the shock waves catch up with the projectile
35
5 Types of flash?
``` Pre flash Primary flash Muzzle glow Intermediate flash Secondary flash ```
36
3 Flash reduction methods?
Muzzle devices (flash suppressors) Type of propellant Propellant additives
37
3 reasons for muzzle devices?
Reduce recoil Suppress flash Decrease report - silencer
38
2 reasons for flash suppression?
Reduce signature | Reduces possibility of temp blindness
39
3 types of muzzle suppressors?
Conical tube Slotted tube Bar type
40
What does a flash suppressor do?
Breaks up the bottle to remove the heat from the secondary flash
41
2 flash reduction methods?
Choice of propellant-Triple based propellant Propellant additives-potassium and sodium salts inhibit the formation and burning of hydrogen gases however do create more smoke Muzzle devices
42
Two main muzzle blast sources?
Blast shock wave | Flash blast
43
3 types of silencers?
Blast absorption Blast dissipation Blast containment and controlled release
44
What is recoil?
Recoil is the rearward motion of the gun in reaction to the forward motion imparted by the projectile and propellant gases
45
2 ways to counter recoil?
Braking system Muzzle breaks - can do 50% but causes gunner damage - normally 25%
46
How many projectile lengths in intermediate?
7
47
How do most flash suppression devices reduce flash?
Break up the barrel shock | Mach disc
48
4 properties of the projectile?
Mass Calibre Nose shape Spin
49
3 properties of the atmosphere?
Air density Temperature Pressure
50
What is trajectory?
The trajectory is the path taken by the centre of gravity of the projectile
51
Air resistance- 4 drag forces?
Skin friction Pressure drag Forebody drag Excrescence
52
The atmosphere up to an altitude of 20km is basically composed of?
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% comprising of water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other gases
53
Viscosity and what 3 all vary with altitude?
Pressure Temperature Density

Ballistics (1 decks)

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