BANDURA 1961 Flashcards
(36 cards)
What was the predominant thought at the time about effects in children of seeing adult behaviour?
It was believed children would imitate the way they’d seen an adult behave. It was however, believed that children needed to see the adult behave this way multiple times before copying it themselves. E.g getting rid of anger by showing it (kicking, punching etc.). - cathartic
What was the general aim of banduras study?
To see whether children would imitate adult behaviour when given the opportunity, even if they saw these behaviours in a different environment and the original model they observed performing the behaviour was no longer present. It was the aggressive behaviour that Bandura was interested in
What were the 4 specific hypotheses
1 = subject exposed to aggressive models would reproduce aggressive acts resembling those of their models
2 = observation of non- aggressive models have a generalised inhibiting effect on subjects subsequent behaviour
3= subjects would imitate the behaviour of a same sexual model to a gr3ater degree than a model of the opposite sex
4 = boys should be more pre-disposed than girls towards imitating aggression
what was the sample like?
-72 children
- from standford university nursery
- mean age was 52 months
- aged 37-69 months (3-5 yrs)
- equal gender split (36 each)
how were participants in this study obtained?
- opportunity
- researchers used children who were present at the nursery on the day of testing
what is a matched participant design?
each participant is paired with another participant with shared characteristics (e.g. age, sex, IQ etc.) before being put into different groups for the experiment
what were the children matched on?
physical aggression, verbal aggression, aggression inhibition, aggression towards inanimate objects
how did the researchers know what the children’s prior levels of aggression were?
- observed prior by teacher and researcher who made judgement’s on how aggressive they were - the inter-rater reliability was 0.98
what is inter-rater reliability?
the extent to which observers or researchers agree on what they’re looking for
- 0-1 scale
how did the researchers allocate children to the different conditions of the experiment?
- each type of aggression was measured on a point scale for each child (20 points for each child)
how did bandura group the children?
- children who have the same scores put in groups of 3, 1 in the aggressive group, 1 in the non aggressive group and the last in the control (no model)
whats an advantage of using matched participants design in this experiment?
- they can see how kids with the same score react differently to aggressive/non-aggressive - which is accurate which means validity increases
- they’re also able to compare
whats an disadvantage of using matched participants design in this experiment?
- time-consuming
- may not be possible to match everyone accurately
what were the independent variables in this study?
- model’s behaviour
- sex of model
- sex of child
what were the model conditions?
- aggressive male model
- non-aggressive male model
- aggressive female model
- non-aggressive female model
- no model (control)
what was the first part of stage 1 of the experiment?
- each child was taken individually to a room and sat at a table, they’re given toys to play with like potato printing and stickers.
- the adult (model) sat at another table which had tinker toys, bobo doll and a mallet
what was stage 1 in the aggressive model of the experiment?
the model plays with the tinker toy for 1 minute
the adult turned to the bobo doll and laid it on its side, sat on it, punched it repeatedly on the nose. The model then picked the bobo doll up and hit the doll on the head with a mallet, tossed the doll up in the air and kicked it out of the room.
this sequence was repeated 3 times
what quotes did the model say?
“sock him in the nose”
“hit him down”
“throw him in the air”
“kick him”
“pow”
“he sure is a tough fella”
“sock him in the nose”
“hit him down”
“throw him in the air”
“kick him”
“pow”
“he sure is a tough fella”
what was stage 1 in the non-aggressive model of the experiment?
the model played with the tinker toys and ignored the bobo doll
what was stage 2 of the experiment?
children taken into smaller room with attractive toys (e.g. fire engine, doll set)
they were allowed to play for 2 minutes before experimenter said they were the best toys and must be saved for other children
what was stage 3 of the experiment?
children taken back to experimental room and observed through a one way mirror
a record was made every 5 seconds of the behaviour being shown by each child
what were the behaviors recorded?
imitative behaviour of physical or verbal aggression (repeating in exactly the same way)
partial imitative behaviour of aggression (generally imitating model but not exactly)
novel aggresive behaviour (showing aggression in ways model didnt show)
why was it so important for the aggressive model to have such distinctive aggressive acts?
- so it’s clear to the child that the model was being aggressive
- see similar actions in child’s aggressive actions
why was the mild aggression arousal stage included?
- to create a sense of anger within the child and frustration so the child would be more motivated to take it out on the doll
