Barrons Psychology Part 2 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
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EQ (emotional intelligence)
A
ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieveroughly corresponds to Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonalsupported by Daniel Goldman
2
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Robert Sternberg
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created triarchic theory, which consists of 1. componential/analytic intelligence2. experiential intelligence3. contextual/practical intelligence
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componential/analytic intelligence
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the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyzepart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg
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experiential intelligence
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the ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and creative wayspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg
5
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contextual/practical intelligence
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the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world situationspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg
6
Q
Alfred Binet
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wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age
7
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mental age
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an average 5-year-old will have the mental age of 5a below average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 3an above average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 8
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Louis Terman
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a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test
9
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Stanford-Binet IQ test
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-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100-all adults have mental age of 20-compare: Weschler tests
10
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Weschler test
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yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distributionalso has subscores for verbal and performance
11
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heritability
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a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factorcan range from 0 to 1, with 0 being completely environmentally affected and 1 as completely genetically affected
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Flynn effect
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performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors
13
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abnormal psychology
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the study of people who suffer from psychological disorders
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abnormality
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- maladaptive and/or disturbing to the individual2. disturbing to others3. unusual, unshared by many others of the same population4. irrational, doesn’t make sense to the average person
15
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insane
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a legal term used to describe people who, because of a psychological disorder, cannot be held fully responsible for their crimesNGRI= not guilty by reason of insanity
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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a book used by psychologists to determine if someone has a psychological disorderdoes not include discussion of causes or treatments because different factions of psychology have different ideas about the causes and treatmentslatest version is the DSM-IV-TR
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Q
intern’s syndrome
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the tendency to see in oneself the characteristics of disorders about which one is learning
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phobia
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anxiety disorderan intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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anxiety disorderconstant, low-level anxiety
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panic disorder
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anxiety disorderacute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation, panic attacks tend to increase in frequency, people suffer more anxiety from anticipating the attacks
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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anxiety disorderwhen persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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anxiety disorderflashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or an observation of an extremely troubling event, these memories cause anxiety
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somatoform disorders
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when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological problem
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hypochondriasis
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somatoform disorderminor problems are thought to be severe physical illness, frequent physical problems with no apparent cause
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conversion disorder
somatoform disordera severe physical problem with no biological cause
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dissociative disorders
disruptions in conscious processes
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psychogenic amnesia
dissociative disorderwhen a person cannot remember things and a physiological basis cannot be foundcompare: organic amnesia
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organic amnesia
when a person cannot remember things and there is a biological reasoncompare: psychogenic amnesia
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fugue
dissociative disorderhaving psychogenic amnesia and finding oneself in an unfamiliar environment
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dissociative identity disorder
dissociative disorderseveral personalities that may represent different ages and both sexes, people with DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or some other childhood traumarare outside of US; DIDers may be role-playing b/c of their therapists' questions and media portrayals
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major (unipolar) depression
mood or affective disorderunhappiness for more than two weeks without a clear reasonother symptoms: loss of appetite, fatigue, change in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, feeling of worthlessnesslinked with low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
dissociative disorderdepression only during certain times of the year, usually winter
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bipolar disorder (manic depression)
dissociative disorderdepressed and manic (feelings of high energy) episodeslinked with more receptors for acetylcholine
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Aaron Beck
cognitive theorist who believes that the cognitive triad causes depression
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cognitive triad
theorized by Aaron Beckunreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world and their futuresfailure is attributed to internal, global and stable causessuccess is attributed to external, specific and unstable causes
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schizophrenia
disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions and/or hallucinations
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delusions
beliefs that have no basis in realitycommon delusions are persecution and grandeur
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hallucination
perception without sensory stimulation
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disorganized schizophrenics
use language oddly with neologisms and/or clang associationsalso show inappropriate affect and flat affect
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neologisms
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsmade up words
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clang associations
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsa string of nonsense words that rhyme
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inappropriate affect
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsexpressing contradictory behavior when describing or experiencing an emotion (e.g., smiling when discussing something sad; laughing when talking about the death of a loved one).
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flat affect
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicslack of emotinal reactivity
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paranoid schizophrenia
schizophrenia characterized by delusions of persecution
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catatonic schizophrenia
engage in odd movements such as remaining motionless in strange postures for hours at a time, move jerkily and quickly for no apparent reason or alternate between the twowhen motionless, may display waxy flexibilityincreasingly less common form of schizophrenia in United States
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waxy flexibility
characteristic of catatonic schizophrenicsfeature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others
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undifferentiated schizophrenia
exhibit disordered thinking, but none of the other symptoms
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positive symptoms
excesses in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: neologisms, hallucinationscompare: negative symptoms
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negative symptoms
deficits in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: flat affect, catatoniacompare: positive symptoms
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dopamine hypothesis
high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia
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tardive dyskinesia
muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti psychotic drugs
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double binds
cognitive-behavioral cause for schizophreniacontradictory messagescompare: double blinds
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paraphilia
the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexualmost paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, except for masochism
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fetishism
paraphiliaattraction to objects
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pedophilia
paraphiliaattraction to children
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zoophilia
paraphiliaattraction to animals
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voyeur
paraphiliasomeone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior
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masochist
paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them
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sadist
paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else
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antisocial personality disorder
little regard for other people's feelingscriminals have a high incidence of antisocial personality disorder
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dependent personality disorder
rely too much on the attention and help of others
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paranoid personality disorder
feel persecuted
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narcissistic personality disorder
seeing oneself as the center of the universe
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histronic personality disorder
overly dramatic behavior
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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but not to the point of obsessive compulsive disorder
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anorexia nervosa
eating disorderloss of 15 percent or more of the average body weight for one's age and size, an intense fear of fat and food, distorted body image
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bulimia
eating disorderfear of food and fat and a distorted body imageconsists of a binge-purge cycle (eat a lot, then throw it up or use laxatives to get rid of the food)
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substance use disorder
regular and negative use of alcohol or other drugs that alter behavior
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substance dependence
addiction
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autism
developmental disorderseek less social and emotional contact than other childrenslow to develop language skillsless likely to seek out parental support when distressed
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attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
developmental disorderdifficulty paying attention or sitting still, occurs more commonly in boysmay be an overdiagnosis of a behavior typical in young boys
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Rosenhan Study
study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.raised questions about institutional care levels and the influence of labels
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trephination
a operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull
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Hippocrates
a Greek philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated
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Galen
a Roman philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated
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deinstitutionalization
1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals in order to save money and benefit the former inpatients
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Did deinstitutionalization work?
No, because the former patients were unable to care for themselves, ending up homeless and delusional.
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preventative efforts
psychological problems can be treated proactively, or before they become severe, suffering and cost to client will go down.
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primary prevention
methods to avoid occurrence of disease
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secondary prevention
methods to avoid occurrence of disease in people at risk
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tertiary prevention
methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity
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psychotherapy
therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client, patient, family, couple, or group
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somatic treatments
the use of drugs to treat mental illness
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What kind of psychologists use "patient"?
psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts
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What kind of psychologists use "client"?
therapists other than psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts
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psychoanalysis
a set of techniques developed by Freud for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders
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symptom substitution
when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem
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hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness in which psychoanalysts believe that people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts
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free associate
to say whatever comes to mind without thinking, supposed to bypass the ego's censoring and defenses and go straight into the unconscious where the problems are
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dream analysis
the patient reports the literal content (manifest content) to the psychoanalyst who interprets it to become what it really means (latent/hidden content)
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resistance
patient objections to the psychoanalyst's interpretationthe psychoanalyst usually sees this as a sign that the analyst is heading in the right direction
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transference
when patients begin to have strong feelings (negative or positive) toward their therapiststhe psychoanalyst sees this as a redirection of strong emotions felt toward people with whom they have had troubling relationships onto their therapists
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psychodynamic theorists
psychologists who are influenced by Freud's work but have significantly modified his original theory
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insight therapies
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic treatments and humanistic therapiesa variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
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self-actualization
to reach one's highest potential
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free will
the ability to choose their own destiniescompare: determinism
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determinism
people have no influence over what happens to them and that their choices are predetermined by forces outside of their controlcompare: free will
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Carl Rogers
humanistcreated client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy
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client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy
developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard and active listening
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unconditional positive regard
blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or doeshumanistic therapists believe that this will help clients accept and take responsibility for themselves
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non-directive
humanistic therapists do not tell the clients what to do but seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves.
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active listening
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifiespart of Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy
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Gestalt therapy
developed by Fritz Perlsan existentialist approach to psychological treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them
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existential therapy
humanistic therapy that focuses on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives
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counterconditioning
behavioral therapya kind of classical conditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one
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systematic desensitization
behavioral therapydeveloped by Joseph Wolpe, a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with imagined, gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, eventually replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation
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anxiety hierarchy
a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, from least frightening to most frightening
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in vivo desensitization
behavioral therapya form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is actually encountered
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implosive therapy
behavioral therapya type of counterconditioning that has the client imagine the most anxiety inducing thing first, in the hopes that they will realize that their fear is irrational
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aversive conditioning
behavioral therapypairing a habit a person wishes to break with an unpleasant stimulus
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instrumental conditioning
behavioral therapyinvolves using rewards and/or punishments to modify a person's behavior
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token economy
behavioral therapya type of instrumental conditioningdesired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for various objects or privileges
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modeling
behavioral therapycan be used to treat phobia by having the client observe someone else interact calmly with the anxiety inducing object
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attributional style
a person's characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)
Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients.
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cognitive therapy
developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success
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cognitive triad
theorized by Aaron Beckpeople's beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures
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family therapy
a type of group therapy used to treat families
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self-help groups
a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist
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psychopharmacology/chemotherapy
the use of drugs to treat psychological problems
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antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)
block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesiaexamples: Thorazine or Haldol
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tardive dyskinesia
Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors
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drugs used to treat unipolar depression
tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin
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lithium
a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder
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drugs used to treat anxiety disorders
barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the braincauses the patient to have a brief seizure after the shock, so muscle relaxant is given to reduce the effects
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psychosurgery
the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person's behavior
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prefrontal lobotomy
a type of psychosurgeryan operation involving the cutting off of the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe of the brainreduced level of functioning and awareness to a vegetative state
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psychiatrists
medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication
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clinical psychologists
psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy
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counseling psychologists
psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do
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psychoanalysts
people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees
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social cognition
how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
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attitude
set of beliefs and feelings
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mere exposure effect
the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it
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LaPiere study
discovered that although people had bad attitudes towards Asians, they still treated them wellconclusion: attitude does not necessarily reflect behavior
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cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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Festinger and Carlsmith experiment
Subjects asked to perform a boring task and then lie to the next subject that it was fun. One group was paid $1 and the other group was paid $20. The group paid $1 said that the boring task was fun, because they didn't have much of an external motivation to lie.
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compliance strategies
strategies to get others to comply with your wishes
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foot-in-the-door
if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger
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door-in-the-face
after people refuse a large reques, hey will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable
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norms of reciprocity
if someone does something nice for you, you feel obligated to do something nice for them
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attribution theory
how people determine the cause ofwhat they observe
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dispositional/person attribution
personality traits; Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math
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situation attribution
situational influence; Charley did well on a math test because the test was easy
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Harold Kelley
put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
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consistency
how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time
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distinctiveness
how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched the individual
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consensus
how other people acted in the same situation
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self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes others to act in ways that make that expectation come true
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Rosenthal and Jacobsen's experiment
"Pygmalion in the Classroom"when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do, example of self-fulling prophecy
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fundamental attribution error
people in individualist cultures systematically seem to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in influencing another person's actions
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false-consensus effect
the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them
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self-serving bias
the endency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones
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just-world belief
misfortunes befall people who deserve them
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stereotypes
ideas about what members of different groups are like, and these expectations may influence the way we interact with members of these groups
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prejudice
an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of peoplecompare: discrimination
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discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudicecompare: prejudice
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in-group
people of their own group, seen as more diverse than people of out-groups
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out-group
people of other groups, seen as more homogeneous than people of in-groups
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in-group bias
people have a preference for members of their own group
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contact theory
contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)
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superordinate goal
a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all
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SSherif's camp study
Robbers Cave studydivided the campers into two groups and had them compete --> disliked each otherhad the two groups work together --> improved relations
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instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
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hostile aggression
aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
the feeling of frestration makes aggression more likely
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Bandura, Ross, and Ross's experiment
Bobo doll experimentaggressive models lead to aggressive children
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prosocial behavior
behavior in which you help others
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bystander intervention
the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
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diffusion of responsibility
reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect
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pluralistic ignorance
"no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes"
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similarity, proximity and reciprocal liking
the three factors
