Bartling SG Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
Glycine
A
Non-polar, aliphatic AA
2
Q
Alanine
A
Non-polar, aliphatic AA
3
Q
Valine
A
Non-polar, aliphatic AA
4
Q
Isoleucine
A
Non-polar, aliphatic AA
5
Q
Phenylalanine
A
Non-polar, aromatic AA
6
Q
Tyrosine
A
Non-polar, aromatic AA
7
Q
Tryptophan
A
Non-polar, aromatic AA
8
Q
threonine
A
UNCHARGED, POLAR AA
9
Q
Serine
A
UNCHARGED, POLAR AA
10
Q
Asparagine
A
UNCHARGED, POLAR AA
11
Q
Glutamine
A
UNCHARGED, POLAR AA
12
Q
Aspartic Acid
A
ACIDIC AA
13
Q
Glutamic Acid
A
ACIDIC AA
14
Q
Histidine
A
BASIC AA
15
Q
Lysine
A
BASIC AA
16
Q
Arginine
A
BASIC AA
17
Q
Cysteine
A
SULFER CONTAINING AA
18
Q
Methionine
A
SULFER CONTAINING AA
19
Q
Proline
A
CYLIC AA
20
Q
does not form conventional peptide bond
A
Proline
21
Q
aliphatic sidechain w/ no functional groups
A
Proline
22
Q
alpha amino group bonded to side chain
A
Proline
23
Q
sidechain covalently bonds to amide N (eliminating H bond possibility)
A
Proline
24
Q
the AA exists as a dipolar molecule having both + & - charges
A
zwitterion
25
in a zwitterion which group is deprotonated, having a - charge
alpha carboxyl group
26
in a zwitterion which group is protonated, having a + charge
alpha amino group
27
which AA doesn't has an asymmetry center and therefore isn't optically active?
glycine
28
at least one center of asymmetry makes most AA's what?
optically active
29
AA sequence, linear polymers linked by peptide bonds is what type protein structure
Primary
30
Local folded structures, maintained by H bond networks what type of protein structure
Secondary
31
H bonds between backbone amide NH and C=O groups stabilize
Alpha Helices
32
Alpha helices and Beta sheets
Secondary
33
backbone of polypeptide is extended into zigzag, polypeptide chains arranged side by side
Beta Sheets
34
3D structure
Tertiary Structure
35
disulfide bonds
Tertiary Structure
36
salt bridges
Tertiary Structure
37
hydrophobic interactions
Tertiary Structure
38
structure of more than one subunit together
Quaternary Structure
39
pH which a molecule has no net charge, isoelectric point
PI
40
widely used to calculate the isoelectric point of proteins
Henderson-Hasselbach
41
carboxyl group accepts a proton and becomes uncharged, overall charge on molecule is positive +
Ionization state at low pH
42
amino group loses its proton and becomes uncharged, overall charge on molecule is negative-
Ionization state at high pH
43
bond formed between alpha-carboxyl of one AA and the alpha-amino group of another
Peptide
44
what is removed in the process of linking AA's together
H2O
45
2 AA's linked
Dipeptide
46
3-10 AA's
Oligopeptide
47
11-99 AA's
Polypeptide
48
100 or more AA's
Protein
49
Abnormal metabolic condition leading to excess levels of homocysteine
HOMOCYSTEINURIA
50
result of Homocysteinuria
downward dislocation of lens, long limbs, mental retardation, seizures
51
converts sulfite to sulfate
sulfate oxidase
52
alternative metabolic pathways for sulfite are used leading to formation of s-sulfocysyeine
sulfate oxidase deficiency
53
no disulfide bonding in connective tissue
sulfate oxidase deficiency
54
lens dislocation, associated w/ mutations in the fibrillin gene
Marfan syndrome
55
Green teeth in children is a result of
hyperbilirubinemia
56
precipitation of proteins occurs at high salt concentrations
Salting out
57
which separation method uses salting in and salting out?
Solubility
58
absorption chromatography is what type of separation method
polarity
59
to purify and concentrate biomolecules based on chemical or physical differences
Chromatography
60
paper chromatography is what type of separation method
polarity
61
reverse-phase chromatography is what type of separation method
polarity
62
hydrophobic interactions are used for what type of separation method
polarity
63
adjust solution just below point of solubility of protein of interest for separation
solubility method
64
Larger molecules flow faster through column, first fractions consist of large and begin to collect smaller in later stages
Size exclusion chromatography
65
increased polarity increases rate at which molecules move through the column
gel filtration chromatography
66
uses beads to separate proteins based on charge
Ion exchange chromatography
67
binds protein w + charge, carboxymehtylcellulose
Cation Exchanger
68
DEAE cellulose, binds protein w -
Anion Exchanger
69
bind antibody/antigen to protein resin
AFFINITY CHROMATOGHRAPY
70
specific interaction of substrate with a ligand & purifies neatly pure product in a single step
AFFINITY CHROMATOGHRAPY
71
Typical affinity chromatography interaction
antibody - antigen pairs
72
migration of ions in an electric field depending on molecule charge (q) and frictional coefficient (f)
electrophoresis
73
Separates proteins on basis of their pI
iloelectric focusing (IEF)
74
protein that is in a pH region below its pI (+) will migrate towards the cathode until it stops at its pI; vice versa for protein that is in a pH region above pI (-)
iloelectric focusing (IEF)
75
number of sterioisomers
2^n
76
chiral variations change what properties
chemical, physical and, physiological
77
of the 8 D-aldohexoses which 3 are found significantly in body
glucose, mannose, galactose
78
single sugars: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Homoglycan
79
More than one sugar: gums, mucopolysaccharides
Heterogylcan
80
most common storage polysaccharide in plants
Starch
81
animal equivalent to starch
glycogen
82
stored in muscle and liver cells as high MW granules
glycogen
83
hydrolyzed by amylases and glycogen phosphorylase
glycogen
84
glucosamine is what?
amino sugar
85
why has glucose been selected by evolution for the base sugar of blood?
inertness/ not reactiveness
86
relatively un-reactive
glucose
87
what is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature
Cellulose
88
extractable by non polar solvents
lipids
89
fats, waxes, sterols, mono-di-glycerides, phospholipids
lipids
90
originate from ketoacyl and isoprene groups
lipids
91
simplest form of lipids
fatty acids
92
found primarily in plasma
fatty acids
93
solid storage form of lipids
triglycerides
94
primarily found in adipose tissue
triglycerides
95
major class of membrane lipids in a cell
phospholipids
96
largely determined by the length and degree of unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chain
physical properties of fatty acids
97
Carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain
fatty acid
98
what decreases with increasing length of a fatty acid chain?
solubility in water
99
what makes a kink in the linear structure of fatty acids?
cis double bonds
100
the most stable arrangement is very close packing of the side chains
saturated lipids
101
the carboxylic end of a fatty acid is ____ making it ____
Polar, Moderately water soluble
102
Fatty acids are esterified to glycerol to form?
triglycerides
103
What molecule is central to both carbohydrate and fat metabolism?
Acetyl-coA
104
Used as STORAGE FUEL
Triacylglyerols
105
______ has more energy present, are more “reduced” than cabs and not hydrated by water than ____
Fatty acids, polysaccharides
106
polar lipids derived from phosphatidic acid (1,2-diacyl-glycerol-3-phosphate)
phospholipids
107
long chain amino alcohol that does not has a glycerol backbone
Sphingolipids
108
Found largely in the outer face of plasma membranes
Sphingolipids
109
Involved as cell surface recognition sites
Sphingolipids
110
how to fatty acids bond to the Sphingolipids, which is unlike the bonding in glycerol?
amine linkage
111
sulfuric acid ester of galactocebroside
SULFATIDES
112
brain lipids, present in low levels in liver, lung, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle, and heart
SULFATIDES
113
cell to cell regonition, hormone receptors
GANGLIOSIDES
114
complex glycosphingolipid
GANGLIOSIDES
115
responsible for inflammation in asthma an bronchitis and anaphylaxis
LEUKOTRIENES
116
also found in lung, spleen, brain, and heart
Leuktoreines
117
particles found in plasma that transport lipids including cholesterol
Lipoproteins
118
what does the liver repackages cholesterol into?
Lipoproteins
119
what takes lipids from small intestine into lymph cells
Chylomicrons
120
what are proteins with covalently attached lipids?
lipid-linked proteins
121
what are the three types of lipid-linked proteins
Prenylated proteins
Fatty acylated proteins
GPI linked proteins
122
What molecule is central to both carbohydrate and fat metabolism?
Acetyl-CoA
123
what is determined in part by the type of sugars located on head groups
Blood groups
124
what is esterified to glycerol to form Triglycerides?
Fatty Acids
125
what enzyme breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase
126
do lipids or carbohydrates yield more energy?
Lipids
127
diffusion that uses no energy and molecules move from high concentration to low
Simple diffusion
128
small hydrophobic molecules cross the cell membrane by
simple diffusion
| i.e. lipids O2 CO2
129
Movement of specific molecules down a concentration gradient, passing through the membrane via a specific carrier protein
Facilitated Diffusion
130
if the carrier protein of facilitated diffusion ever open all the way through?
No
131
is energy used in facilitated diffusion?
No
132
what types of molecules diffuse using a carrier protein
polar, hydrophilic molecules
133
the greater the difference in concentration on either side of a membrane does what to the rate of diffusion?
increases
134
diffusion is faster at higher or lower temperatures?
higher, more genetic energy
135
does increases surface area increase rate of diffusion?
yes
136
non polar or polar molecules diffuse faster?
non-polar
137
large molecules diffuse ..
slowly
138
uses ATP to drive molecules across the cell membrane
Active transport
139
Moves molecules against concentration gradient
Active transport
140
uses ATP dependent ion pumps
Primary active transport
141
passive transport of water moving freely in and out of the cell
osmosis
142
use electrochemical gradient of Na+ or H+ ions, or a membrane potential produced by primary active transport processes (sugars, aa)
secondary active transport
143
types of secondary transport
Uniport
Symport
Antiport
144
transport of a single solute
Uniport
145
2 different ions/molecules being transported at the same time but in opposite directions
antiport
146
caries two dissimilar solutes/substrates and transports them together
symport
147
GLUT1 glucose carrier in plasma membranes
Secondary active (uniport)
148
Glucose-NA
secondary active (symport)
149
Lactose permease
secondary active (H+ symport)
150
The energy value of fuels (calorie content) is calculated for the complete oxidation of the fuel
fuel/ calorie relationship
151
more reduced fuels (need more oxidizing) have ...
higher calorie/g
152
Fats cals/g
9
153
alcohol cals/g
7
154
carbs cals/g
4
155
proteins cals/g
4
156
an estimate of how many calories you'd burn if you were to do nothing but rest for 24 hours
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
157
represents the minimum amount of energy needed to keep your body functioning, including breathing and keeping your heart beating
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
158
what percent of energy from food is converted into ATP?
40%
159
what percent of energy from food is lost as heat?
60%
160
what accounts for most of BMR
heat production by mitochondria
161
the maximal amount of energy that can be obtained from a reaction at constant temperature and pressure
Gibb’s free energy
162
free energy content of the final state minus the free energy content of the initial state
Gibb’s free energy
163
spontaneous, favorable rxn
Neg. Delta G
164
non-spontatious, unfavorable rxn
Pos. Delta G
165
how does ATP drive "uphill" rxns
when hydrolyzed ATP yield large neg delta G, allows unfavorable rxn to occur
166
for the reverse of Hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate into glucose and pyruvate to occur what must it be coupled with?
hydrolysis of ATP to ADP
167
how is the outer membrane of mitochondria different from the inner
outer: very permeable to ions & proteins
inner: impermeable to most things w/o carrier protein
168
what membrane of mitochondria contains components of oxidative phosphorylation (process of coupling oxidation of reduced nucleotide coenzymes to synthesis of ATP)
inner membrane
169
3 main Coenzymes
NAD+
FAD
FMD
170
Coenzymes NAD+ is used in what complex?
Complex I
171
Coenzymes FAD is used in what complex
complexes II, III, IV
172
coenzymes FMD is used in what complex
complex I
173
found in mito and ER, proteins that contain large heme groups but are not involved in oxygen transport
Cytochromes
174
inhibits respiration via proton channel of ATP synthase
Oligomycin
175
Shuttles e-‘s from complex III to complex IV
cytochrome C
176
how many cytochrome C molecules are required from reducing O2 to H2O in complex VI
4 b/c it only carries 1 e-
177
found in mito and ER, proteins that contain large heme groups but are not involved in oxygen transport
cytochromes
178
inhibit the coupling between the electron transport and phosphorylation reactions and thus inhibit ATP synthesis without affecting the respiratory chain and ATP synthase
uncoupler
179
bind to Hgb and inhibit oxygen transport, electron transport, and production of ATP
Mitochondrial Poisons
180
cells respond to this by switching to anaerobic metabolism, resulting in lactic acidosis and eventually death
Mitochondrial Poisons
181
what type of poising in CN or CO
Mitochondrial Poisons
182
what is a triglyceride
storage and transport form of lipids
183
where is triglyceride found?
adipose tissue
184
what is triglyceride made of
glycerol back bone & fatty acids
185
where isn't triglyceride stored?
RBC's & Brain
186
where is triglyceride stored?
liver, muscles, and tissues
187
how are lipids metabolized in the liver?
Acetyl-CoA → Ketone bodies (ketogenesis)
188
how are lipids metabolized in muscles?
TCA cycle oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production
189
triglycerides are broken down with
lipase
190
how are fats transported
chylomicrons
191
what regulated the speed at which triglycerides are hydrolyzed in adipose tissue?
hormones
192
where does beta oxidation occur?
mitochondria
193
what is a long chain fatty acid?
between 12-20 carbons?
194
where are long chain fatty acids metabolized?
mitochondria
195
how are long chain fatty acids metabolized?
carnitine cycle
196
How is glucose metabolism linked to lipid synthesis
Pentose phosphate pathway
197
what does Pentose phosphate pathway provide?
NADPH
198
process by which acetyl-coa is converted to fatty acids?
Lipogenesis
199
how many steps is Lipogenesis
2
200
the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase is what step of Lipogenesis
stage 1
201
the elongation of the fatty acid chain in two-carbon increments by fatty acid synthase is what step of Lipogenesis
stage 2
202
Triacylglycerol synthesis in liver
Glycerol kinase + phosphate
203
Triacylglycerol synthesis in fat cells
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
204
what makes G3P
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and Glycerol kinase + phosphate
205
Lipoprotein lipase is produced by?
Adipocytes
206
what does Lipoprotein lipase promote?
glycolysis (glucose uptake)
207
what does Lipoprotein lipase increase the synthesis of?
Triacylglycerol
208
what directs fat metabolism towards synthesis and storage ?
insulin
209
what does eating stimulate the production of?
insulin
210
Protein solubility increases due to shielding of protein charges
salting in, solubility purification
211
Protein solubility decreases with increasing ionic strength, competition for molecules
salting out, solubility purification
212
affinity chromatography that is ligand specific and is a single step process
Biorecognition
213
What are some ways to characterize proteins by separation methods
Size, charge, pH, pI
214
intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
Fumerate
