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Insect Bio > Basal and aquatic insects > Flashcards

Basal and aquatic insects Flashcards

1
Q

what are Ephemeroptera

A
  • mayflies
  • Most primitive winged insects
  • the first fliers
  • Most of life is spent as an aquatic nymph, eating decayed plant material or algae
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2
Q

Ephemeroptera - development

A
  • Only insect with two winged instars
  • Sub-imago: penultimate molt – functional wings, quickly molts into…
  • Imago/adult: wings, genitalia
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3
Q

Ephemeroptera - adults

A
  • Adult life is short: hours, ~1-2 days
  • No feeding mouthparts
  • In some, no legs
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4
Q

Ephemeroptera - mating

A
  • Males emerge, swarm over water
  • Females emerge, fly to swarm
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5
Q

ephemeroptera - why are swarms formed

A
  • Bc life is short, must also be synchronized so adult males and females can find each other
  • Result is huge, sometimes massive, swarms
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6
Q

ephemeroptera - what adaptation do males have for mating

A

Males have larger eyes (compound eyes) – search for females flying overhead, pounce and mate

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7
Q

what are Odonata

A
  • dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera) and damselflies (suborder Zygoptera)
  • First really good fliers
  • next fliers after ephemeroptera, and basal to other winged insects
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8
Q

odonata - nymphs

A
  • Aquatic nymphs (live in water as nymphs) – active hunters
  • Odonata nymphs have extensive labium to grab prey
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9
Q

odonata nymphs - zygoptera vs anisoptera gills

A
  • Zygoptera have external gills
  • Anisoptera have internal rectal gills
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10
Q

odonata adults - how to distinguish dragonflies and damselflies

A
  • Dragonflies have eyes touching or nearly so
  • Damselflies do not
  • Dragonflies have wings perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body, like airplane
  • Damselflies have wings parallel to longitudinal axis
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11
Q

odonata adults - how do they hunt?

A
  • they are active visual hunters that catch other insects onto their wing
  • Not ephemeral (lasting for a very short time) like mayflies
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12
Q

odonata - mating

A
  • Males have ‘secondary genitalia’ on 2nd or 3rd abdominal segment: male transfers sperm from regular genitala to here
  • Then grabs female behind head with clasper at distal end of abdomen
  • Female curls her abdomen up to receive sperm from secondary genitalia
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13
Q

odonata mating - male-male comeptition

A

Males defend territories, usually along river/lake shores

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14
Q

odonata mating - sperm competition

A

Male secondary genitalia often adapted to remove sperm of previous mates before actual mating

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15
Q

odonata mating - co-evolutionary arms race between male and female

A

females evolve more elaborate morphology to have choice over who fertilize her

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16
Q

what are Trichoptera

A
  • Caddisflies
  • sisters to Lepidoptera
  • not phylogenetically close to ephemeroptera or odonata
  • not ancestral to other winged insects
17
Q

trichoptera - explain apperance

A

Moth like, But…
- With long filiform antennae
- Reduced mouthparts
- (Often) hairs on wings rather than scales

18
Q

trichoptera - Aquatic larvae

A
  • Use silk glands mouths to make underwater shelter
  • May also be sensitive to pollution
19
Q

trichoptera: aquatic larvae - how is the shelter created

A
  • they use pebbles and twigs and small pine needles
  • Make a protective case over abdomen (for camouflage as well)
20
Q

How do aquatic insects to breathe underwater?

A
  1. closed systems
  2. open systems
21
Q

general properties of oxygen

A
  • Not much in the water – max 15 ppm in water vs 200,000 in air
  • In general: cooler, swifter water has more oxygen than warm, still water
  • Thus, much more is available in streams than lakes
22
Q

breathe underwater - closed systems

A
  • no spiracles
  • they can just diffuse through cuticle: must be very small – often instar immatures
  • or have gills: thin cuticle, high surface area:volume ratio, lots of trachea
23
Q

breathe underwater - open systems

A
  • snorkel
  • “compressible gill”
  • “Plastron”
  • behavioral ventilation
24
Q

breathe underwater: open systems - snorkel

A
  • insect has spiracles that stays connected to the top of the water for air
  • Can live in water that has zero oxygen
25
Q

breathe underwater - “compressible gill”

A
  • carrying a bubble and use it to diffuse oxygen out of the water
  • bubble can be carried, stretched under wing, attached to abdomen
  • steps:
    1. Insect uses O2, releases CO2
    2. CO2 dissolves into water, more O2 dissolves into bubble and repeat
26
Q

breathe underwater: “compressive gill” - what is the problem with this method

A
  • bubble size decreases (‘compressible’) bc N2 dissolves out
  • lower surface area: volume reduces diffusion of O2 and insect has to go back up for more
27
Q

breathe underwater - “Plastron”

A
  • Hold layer of air against skin/spiracles with RIGID hairs (hydrophobic) or cuticle extensions
  • Volume does not decrease (as in bubble) bc of rigid support
  • O2 gradient maintained
28
Q

breathe underwater: “Plastron” - what is the problem with this method

A

Theoretically, can be permanent, but not practical to support high metabolism

29
Q

breathe underwater - behavioral ventilation

A
  • circulate fresh water around, avoid O2-depleted ‘boundary layer’ by moving legs, gills, or self
  • insects choose its location to maximize O2 (swiftly moving water)
30
Q

Aquatics and water quality monitoring - basic concept

A

aquatic communities are bioassay for water qualities like:
- Temperature
- Sedimentation
- Pollution
- Eutrophication

31
Q

Aquatics and water quality monitoring - aquatic nymphs

A
  • Aquatic nymphs as indicator of water quality: sampling nymph communities can give good indication of water quality
  • because some species require clean well-oxygenated water; some do well in more polluted water
32
Q

Aquatics and water quality monitoring -benefits of using

A
  • Inexpensive relative to chemical testing
  • General response (don’t need specific chemicals, combinations)
33
Q

Aquatics and water quality monitoring -costs of using

A

Not good for specific level of chemical – good for broader qualities

Insect Bio (26 decks)

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