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Year 1 Physiology > Basal ganglia > Flashcards

Flashcards in Basal ganglia Deck (21)
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1
Q

definition: dyskinesia

A

involuntary movements

2
Q

what structures compose the basal ganglia?

A
  1. caudate2. putamen 3. globus pallidus (internal, external) 4. subthalamic nucleus 5. substantia nigra (pars reticulata, pars compacta)
3
Q

which NT is important in the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

dopamine (excitatory or inhibitory)

4
Q

which NT is important in the corticostriate pathway?

A

glutamate (excitatory)

5
Q

which NT is important in the striatum to GPe and GPi pathways?

A

GABA (inhibitory)

6
Q

is GABA excitatory or inhibitory? glutamate?

A
  1. GABA - inhibitory 2. glutamate - excitatory
7
Q

what are the symptoms of huntington’s disease?

A
  1. chorea 2. dementia 3. voluntary movements slower than usual
8
Q

where is the lesion associated with hemiballismus?

A

contralateral subthalamic nucleus

9
Q

what are the functional loops of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. body 2. oculomotor 3. prefrontal 4. limbic
10
Q

what comprises the corpus striatum?

A

neostriatum + paleostriatum

11
Q

what comprises the neostriatum?

A

striatum = putamen + caudate

12
Q

what comprises the paleostriatum?

A

pallidum

13
Q

what is the main input to the basal ganglia?

A

striatum

14
Q

what are the main outputs from the basal ganglia?

A
  1. pallidum (internal) 2. substantia nigra (pars reticulata)
15
Q

where is the origin of the body loop? what is its function?

A
  1. motor areas of cortex 2. internally generated movements, selective activation and inhibition of particular movements
16
Q

where is the origin of the oculomotor loop? what is its function?

A
  1. frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields 2. control of saccadic eye movements
17
Q

where is the origin of the prefrontal loop? what is its function?

A
  1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 2. initiation and termination of cognitive processes (planning, attention, working memory)
18
Q

where is the origin of the limbic loop? what is its function?

A
  1. anterior cingulate and orbital frontal cortex 2. regulation of emotional behavior and motivation
19
Q

what is the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. degeneration of dopaminergic projections to striatum from substantia nigra 2. accumulation of alpha synuclein (component of Lewy bodies)
20
Q

which NT is released by the subthalamic nucleus?

A

glutamate

21
Q

which NT is released by the caudate, putamen, and pallidum?

A

GABA