basal ganglia

Question 1

components of basal ganglia

Answer 1

• caudate
• putamen
• globus pallidus: internus and externus
• subthalamic nucleus
• substantia nigra: pars reticulata and pars compacta

Question 2

striatum

Answer 2

• caudate

- putamen

Question 3

lenticular nucleus

Answer 3

• putamen

- globus pallidus

Question 4

dorsal basal nuclei

Answer 4

cuadate
putamen
globus pallidus

Question 5

ventral striatum

Answer 5

nucleus accumbens

olfactory tubercle

Question 6

ventral pallidum

Answer 6

substantia

innominata

Question 7

striatal complex

Answer 7

caudate
putamen
nucleus accumbens
olfactory tubercle

Question 8

pallidal complex

Answer 8

globus pallidus
substantia
innominata

Question 9

input nuclei

Answer 9

caudate
putamen
nucleus accumbens

Question 10

output nuclei

Answer 10

globus pallidus - internal segment
ventral pallidum - output part
substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 11

intrinsic nuclei

Answer 11

globus pallidus -external segment
ventral pallidum - intrinsic part
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra pars compacta
ventral tegmental area

Question 12

direct pathway

Answer 12

cortex –glutamate–> putamen –GABA, SP–I GPi SNr – GABA –I thalamus –glutamate –> cortical motor areas

Question 13

indirect pathway

Answer 13

cortex –glutamate –> putamen –GABA, Enk–I GPe –GABA –I STN –glutamate –> GPi, SNr –GABA–I Thalamus –glutamate –> cortical motor areas

Question 14

skeletomotor loop

Answer 14

cerebral cortex: somatic sensory, primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor –> putamen –> GPi, SNr –> thalamic nuclei (ventral anterior, ventral lateral) –> cerebral cortex

-role in the control of facial, limb, and trunk musculature

Question 15

oculomotor loop

Answer 15

posterior parietal prefrontal: frontal eye field, supplementary eye field –> caudate (body) –> SNr, GPi –> ventral anterior and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei –>

-role in control of saccadic eye movements

Question 16

associative loop

Answer 16

posterior parietal, middle and inferior temporal lobe: prefrontal, premotor –> caudate (head) –> SNr, GPi –> ventral anterior, medial dorsal thalamic nuclei –>

-role in cognition and executive behavioral functions

Question 17

limbic loop

Answer 17

medial and lateral temporal lobes, hippocampal formation: anterior cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex –> ventral striatum –> ventral pallidum, GPi and SNr –> medial dorsal and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei

-participates in the motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions

Question 18

Parkinson disease

• rapid, progressive
• age
• what may cause (general)

Answer 18

• progressive disorder
• age 60
• environmental toxins
• substantia nigra pars compacta doesn’t release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia

Question 19

Parkinson disease

• type of disease
• symptoms

Answer 19

• hypokinetic disorder
• resting tremor 4-5 Hz pill rolling
• rigidity
• bradykinesia or hypokinesia
• may affect walking, speech, and facial expression
• akinesis
• visuoperceptive impairments
• cogwheel rigidity = resting tremor + rigidity
• postural instability and dementia

Question 20

Parkinson disease

-treatment

Answer 20

• drugs to increase dopamine levels
• drugs to prevent dopamine breakdown
• surgery to transplant fetal tissue
• removal of globus pallidus to slow tremors

Question 21

Hypokinetic disorder

-symptoms

Answer 21

• mask-like facial expression
• pill-rolling tremor
• flexion of trunk
• slow, shuffling feet movement

Question 22

bradykinesia

Answer 22

slow movement

Question 23

hypokinesia

Answer 23

decreasing ROM

Question 24

hypokinetic disorder

Answer 24

occur when there is too little direct pathway effect and too much indirect pathway effect

Question 25

akinesis

Answer 25

delay in initiation or starting movements

Question 26

cogwheel rigidity

Answer 26

resting tremor AND rigidity

Question 27

causes of hypokinetic or parkinsonian syndrome

Answer 27

- idiopathic Parkinson disease - Encephalitis lethargica - head trauma - dementia pugilistica - MPTP - designer drug - CO and manganese poisoning - drug induced - neuroleptics (dopamine blocking) - Wilson disease - hepatolenticular degeneration - rigidity plus other deficits in multiple neurodegenerative diseases

Question 28

Huntington's disease - type - age - cause

Answer 28

- progressive - 45 years - AD hereditary disorder - degeneration of neurons in the striatum (caudate and putamen) and cerebral cortex resulting in decreased GABA

Question 29

Huntington's disease | -symptoms

Answer 29

- involuntary jerky, rapid movements and dementia - increased or decreased muscle tone - unsteady gait - slurred speech - irregular breathing - trouble maintaining tongue protrusion

Question 30

Huntington's disease | -treatment

Answer 30

Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist)

Question 31

hyperkinetic disoder characteristics

Answer 31

- twitching movements of head - grimacing movements in face, lips, and tongue - gesticulating movements in distal parts of upper limbs - jerking movements in distal parts of lower limbs

Question 32

causes of hyperkinetic disorders

Answer 32

- Huntington disease: loss of medium-sized spiny stellate neurons (GABA neurons of indirect pathway) - Sydenham chorea (rheumatic chorea) - drug induced - lupus erythematous - thyrotoxicosis (grave's disease) - part of other neurodegenerative diseases

Question 33

chorea

Answer 33

spontaneous, rapid, jerky, arrhythmic involuntary movements which are purposeless or "fragments of motor programs"

Question 34

athetosis

Answer 34

inability to sustain the body part in one position. movements are writhering or snake-like. often seen with chorea, hence the term choreoathetosis.

Question 35

ballismus

Answer 35

flailing, flinging movmeent of the whole extremity seen in lesions of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

Question 36

dystonia

Answer 36

persistence or fixing of the posture at the extreme of an athetoid movement of either the extremities or trunk