Basal Ganglia

Question 1

What are the structures involved in the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

• Caudate
• Putamen
• Globus Pallidus
• Subthalamus
• Substantia Nigra

Question 2

Together, the caudate and putamen make what structure?

Answer 2

Striatum

Question 3

Together, the putamen and globus pallidus make what structure?

Answer 3

Lentiform

Question 4

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 4

Suppress unwanted motor function and allow wanted motor behavior to be expressed on demand

Question 5

What do lesions in the basal ganglia cause?

Answer 5

Hyperkinetic movement

Question 6

What are basal ganglia lesions called?

Answer 6

Extrapyramidal

Question 7

Basal ganglia dysfunction is always ipsilateral/contralateral

Answer 7

Contralateral

Question 8

What is a basal ganglia disease involved in striatum especially caudate?

Answer 8

Chorea

Question 9

Huntington Chorea is autosomal dominant/recessive

Answer 9

Dominant

Question 10

What is age is Huntington Chorea expressed?

Answer 10

30s and 40s

Question 11

Huntington Chorea has small/large amplitude and small/large velocity

Answer 11

Small; Small

Question 12

Huntington Chorea is caused by damage to which structures?

Answer 12

Striatum + Caudate

Question 13

What disease is chorea secondary to bacterial infection? It is associated with mitral heart valve problems.

Answer 13

Seidham’s Chorea

Question 14

What symptoms are associated with Seidham’s Chorea?

Answer 14

• Small randam tic movements
• Uncontrollable
• increased with stress
• decreased but still present in sleep
• progress to dementia and sometimes suicide

Question 15

Which basal ganglia disease is caused by copper build up? The copper gets deposited in the striatum.

Answer 15

Wilson’s disease

Question 16

This disease is caused by by a copper colored ring in the sclera of the eye called a Kleissr pfeiffer ring.

This is curable
Take out the copper

Answer 16

Wilson’s disease

Question 17

Athetosis involves what structures?

Answer 17

Striatum; caudate and putamen

Question 18

This disease is characterized a worm-like movements of the limb, uncontrollable, unconscious, increases with stress, and decreases with sleep.

Answer 18

Athetosis

Question 19

Tourette’s disease involves which structures?

Answer 19

Striatum. Especially the Putamen

Question 20

What do people with Tourette’s disease have?

Answer 20

Uncontrollable motor behavior, including utterances

Question 21

Hemiballismus is due to lesion of which structures?

Answer 21

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 22

Which disease is caused by depletion of dopamine from substantia nigra?

Answer 22

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 23

Parkinson’s disease is expressed ipsilateral/contralateral

Answer 23

Contralateral

Question 24

What symptoms are associated with Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 24

• Akinesia
• Bradykinesia
• Resting Tremor
• Rigidity
• Festinating Gait
• Difficultly Multitasking
• Micrographia

Question 25

Rigidity with tremor is called ...

Answer 25

Cogwheels Rigidity

Question 26

Rigidity without tremor is called...

Answer 26

Lead Pipe Rigidity

Question 27

What is the major input for the basal ganglia?

Answer 27

Striatum

Question 28

What is the major output for the basal ganglia?

Answer 28

Globus Pallidus Internus

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter is used for the direct pathway!

Answer 29

D1

Question 30

Which neurotransmitter is used for the indirect pathway?

Answer 30

D2

Question 31

The globus pallidus inhibits the thalamus (encouraging/preventing) cortex excitation

Answer 31

Preventing

Question 32

If you want motor behavior, cortex (stimulates/inhibits) striatum. Striatum (stimulates/inhibits) globus.

Answer 32

Stimulates; inhibits This inhibits the inhibitor to the thalamus and allows it to stimulate the cortex

Question 33

Substantia nigra to striatum is (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 33

Inhibitory

Question 34

What are the inputs to the striatum?

Answer 34

Cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra

Question 35

What are the two pathways?

Answer 35

Striato nigral | Nigro striatal

Question 36

Which pathway predominates in Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 36

Striato-nigral This because there is no dopamine

Question 37

Which pathway predominates when you have chorea?

Answer 37

Nigro-striatal

Question 38

Ballismus has (short/large) amplitude and (short/large) velocity.

Answer 38

Large; large