Basal Ganglia Dysfunctions

Question 1

What is the aka (and actual name) for basal ganglia?

Answer 1

BASAL NUCLEI

there are 6 basal nuclei with diff fx, but RMTs group

Question 2

Name the 8 dysfunctions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 2

1. AKINESIA / BRADYKINESIA
2. RESTING TREMOR
3. POSTURE DYSFUNCTIONS
4. INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
5. RIGIDITY
6. FESTINATION / FESTINATING GAIT
7. HYPOKINESIA
8. ABSENT OF GRACE / EFFICIENCY IN MOVEMENT

Question 3

Name the first 4 dysfunctions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

1. AKINESIA / BRADYKINESIA
2. RESTING TREMOR
3. POSTURE DYSFUNCTIONS
4. INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

Question 4

Name the final 4 dysfunctions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 4

5. RIGIDITY
6. FESTINATION / FESTINATING GAIT
7. HYPOKINESIA
8. ABSENT OF GRACE / EFFICIENCY IN MOVEMENT

Question 5

What is an “inability to initiate movement” called?

basal ganglia

Answer 5

AKINESIA

Question 6

What is “slow movement initiation” called?

Answer 6

BRADYKINESIA

Question 7

How can the basal ganglia dysfunction, akinesia (inability to initiate movement), be short-circuited using the cerebellum?

Answer 7

USE CEREBELLUM
to
MAKE THE INITIATION MORE COMPLEX

Question 8

The basal ganglia movement dysfunctions involve difficulty starting or stopping and/or changing course; often includes moments of ___________ at the need for a start/change in the action.

Answer 8

FREEZING

Question 9

Describe “resting tremors”?

basal ganglia

Answer 9

BODY PART TREMORS WHEN NOT ENGAGED IN PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY

Question 10

What are the three postural dysfunctions associated with basal ganglia dysfunctions?

Answer 10

1. POSTURAL TREMOR - body tremors after holding position for a brief time.
2. FREQUENT FALLS - d/t impaired righting reflex, maybe loss of arm swing when walking
3. POSTURAL COLLAPSE - actions which require stabilization of trunk shoulder

Question 11

TRUE or FALSE

Postural tremors cause muscles to fatigue quickly.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

Name the aka for postural collapse?

Debra’s relative

Answer 12

TRUNCAL COLLAPSE

Question 13

Postural collapse happens in which direction?

Answer 13

FORWARD

Question 14

Name the 6 “involuntary movements” in regards to basal ganglia dysfunctions?

Answer 14

1. TIC
2. DYSKINESIA
3. DYSTONIA
4. ATHETOSIS
5. CHOREA
6. BALLISM

Question 15

Describe the involuntary movement TIC?

basal ganglia

Answer 15

BRIEF, RAPID, SPECIFIC CONTRACTION
\+
OFTEN IN FACE / THROAT
\+
MAY BE SINGLE OR OCCUR IN A SERIES

Question 16

The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction “dyskinesia” involves body parts or full body cycling through what?
(Often circular or swaying quality (Mike J Foxx))

Answer 16

CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT LOOP

Question 17

The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction “dystonia” involves which involuntary body part action?

Answer 17

BODY PART MIGRATES INTO POSITION,
OFTEN AT EXTREME END OF RANGE,
AND FREEZES THERE FOR A PERIOD OF TIME

Question 18

The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction ______________ involves bilateral movements, where the parts move with each other in a writhing, _________ like action.

Answer 18

ATHETOSIS
+
SNAKE

Question 19

Athetosis usually involves bilateral movements of which parts of the body?

Answer 19

WRISTS
or
ANKLES
or
LEGS

Question 20

The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction ______________ involves body parts or full body movements that are a sequence of actions occurring along the part, often called what?

Answer 20

CHOREA
+
DANCE
(Think MJ thriller)

Question 21

The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction ______________ involves explosive, large scale movements of body parts?

Answer 21

BALLISM

ie - flailing arm out uncontrollably

Question 22

Name the basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction which is a result of simultaneous concentric contraction of the agonist and antagonist?

Answer 22

RIGIDITY

Question 23

What is the result of the “rigidity” shortening strength battle?

(basal ganglia)

Answer 23

HOLDING POSITION REFLECTS STRONGEST MUSCLE

Question 24

Name the 2 presentations of rigidity in the limbs?

basal ganglia

Answer 24

1. LEADPIPE

2. COGWHEEL

Question 25

Which type of rigidity of the limbs is presented as continuous resistance to movement? (basal ganglia)

Answer 25

LEADPIPE

Question 26

Which type of rigidity of the limbs is presented as intermittent resistance (start/stop movements along a range)? (basal ganglia)

Answer 26

COGWHEEL

Question 27

How does rigidity present itself in the face? | basal ganglia

Answer 27

PARKINSONIAN MASK

Question 28

Because of equal strength relationships in facial expression, rigidity causes what? (basal ganglia)

Answer 28

ABSENCE OF EXPRESSION

Question 29

99 % of expressions are _____________.

Answer 29

REFLEXIVE

Question 30

What do RMTs need to be aware of regarding rigidity? | basal ganglia

Answer 30

CANNOT SIGNAL DISCOMFORT + CHOKING/RESPIRATION RISK (esp supine)

Question 31

How does rigidity present itself in respiration? | basal ganglia

Answer 31

``` WEAKENS DIAPHRAGM ACTION + REDUCES RIBCAGE EXCURSION + ALTERS INHALE / EXHALE RHYTHM ```

Question 32

A person experiencing rigidity due to a basal ganglia dysfunction, would have an __________ breathing tendency, and ___________, especially with exertion / stress.

Answer 32

APICAL - (upper chest breathing) + DYSPNEA - (sudden short breath)

Question 33

Name the 2 ways rigidity presents itself in the GI tract?

Answer 33

1. CONSTIPATION - atonic (from loss of tone) 2. DYSPHAGIA - difficulty swallowing / APHAGIA - inability to swallow

Question 34

What is the "shuffling" dysfunction of the basal ganglia formerly known as?

Answer 34

FESTINATION or FESTINATING GAIT

Question 35

With a dysfunction of the basal ganglia, and difficulty starting gait, what may a person tend to do in order to engage the cerebellum instead?

Answer 35

THROW UPPER BODY FORWARD

Question 36

How does festinating gait appear? (6) (basal ganglia)

Answer 36

``` ABSENT ARM SWING + NO KNEE LIFT (STRAIGHT KNEE) + FLAT FOOTED + PICKS UP SPEED + DIFFICULTY STOPPING / CHANGING COURSE + FALLS EASILY ```

Question 37

What is hypokinesia? | basal ganglia

Answer 37

SLOW MOVEMENT

Question 38

A person with basal ganglia dysfunction will be absent of grace, often very ___________ by small amounts of activity.

Answer 38

FATIGUED

Question 39

TRUE or FALSE? | Basal ganglia is mostly inherited.

Answer 39

TRUE