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YEAR 1 ANATOMY > BASIC ANATOMY > Flashcards

BASIC ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

structure lies on the same side of the body as the other structure/location it is being compared to

A

ipsilateral

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2
Q

structure lies on the opposite side of the body as the other structure/location it is being compared to

A

contralateral

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3
Q

foot tilts up the way in dorsiflexion or plantar flexion

A

dorsiflexion

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4
Q

what describes the position of the hand and the forearm halfway between the supine and prone positions

A

semi-prone

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5
Q

cutting through ear to ear is what plane

A

coronal

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6
Q

what are the 3 planes

A

coronal, saggital and transverse

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7
Q

what is made up of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

A

circulatory system

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8
Q

what heart layer is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart

A

endocardium

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9
Q

what are the heart layers

A

endocrine, myo and epicardium

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10
Q

where is av node

A

at av septum

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11
Q

impulses travel through what layer of the heart to get the ventricles to contract

A

myocardium

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12
Q

tunica intima is made up of

A

endothelium

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13
Q

tunica adventitia is made up of

A

connective tissue

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14
Q

sympathetic tone is in what vessels

A

arterioles

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15
Q

what provide alternative routes for blood flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion

A

anastomoses

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16
Q

what are where arteries connect to each other without an intervening capillary network

A

anastomoses

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17
Q

what is each alternate route given by an anastomosis called

A

a collateral

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18
Q

what is the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body called

A

end artery

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19
Q

what is irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial bloody supply

A

infarction

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20
Q

what is infarction the result of

A

untreated occlusion of an end artery

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21
Q

brachiocephalic artery bifurcates into

A

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

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22
Q

what arteries supply blood to the heart muscle

A

coronary arteries

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23
Q

branches of the arch of the aorta supply blood to…

A

head and upper limbs

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24
Q

descending aorta supplies blood to the

A

throat and abdomen

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25
Q

what does the abdominal aorta branch into

A

two common iliac arteries

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26
Q

what provides blood to the pelvis and lower limbs

A

the common iliac arteries from the abdominal aorta

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27
Q

is it superficial or deep veins that often are in neuromuscular bundles

A

deep veins

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28
Q

what venous system drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract and associated organs for cleaning

A

Hepatic portal venous system

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29
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

lymph

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30
Q

lymph from superficial lymphatic drain into

A

deep lymphatics

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31
Q

lymph from thoracic duct drains into

A

left venous angle

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32
Q

what drains into the right venous angle

A

right lymphatic duct

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33
Q

what skeleton includes the bones of the skull, neck and trunk

A

axial

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34
Q

the two skeletons are called

A

axial and appendicular

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35
Q

what forms a foramen

A

when the adjacent structure develops at the same time as bone and the bone has to grow around the other structure

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36
Q

what is a rough area of bone where muscle attaches

A

tuberosity

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37
Q

where is cartilage located

A

where mobility is required

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38
Q

what does it mean if a joint is more mobile

A

the more easily it is dislocated

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39
Q

do joints have a good sensory nerve supply

A

yes,excellent

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40
Q

what is usually fun deep to deep fascia

A

skeletal muscle

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41
Q

what attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

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42
Q

what attaches muscle to soft tissue

A

aponeurosis

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43
Q

what is a flattened tendon

A

aponeurosis

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44
Q

where does biceps brachii short head originate

A

coracoid process of the scapula

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45
Q

where does the long head of biceps brachii originate

A

supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

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46
Q

where does both heads of biceps brachia insert

A

radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis

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47
Q

what nerve innervates the biceps brachii

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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48
Q

actions of biceps brachii

A

supination of the forearm and flexion of the shoulder and elbow joint

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49
Q

where does deltoid originate

A

lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion and the spine of the clavicle

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50
Q

where does deltoid attach to

A

deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of the humerus

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51
Q

what innervates deltoid

A

axillary nerve

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52
Q

what do the anterior fibres of deltoid do

A

flexion and medial rotation of the shoulder

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53
Q

what do posterior fibres of deltoid do

A

extension and lateral rotation of the shoulder

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54
Q

what do the middle fibres of deltoid do

A

the major abductor of the arm

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55
Q

what do reflex tests test

A

muscle and nerve supplying it

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56
Q

what are the 2 main skeletal muscle reflexes

A

stretch and flexion withdrawal

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57
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

synapse where motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle

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58
Q

what is the flexion withdrawal reflex

A

touch something potentially damaging and sudden flexion to withdraw

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59
Q

muscle strain results from

A

overstretched, torn or twisted muscle

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60
Q

what describes a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply so can’t contract and has reduced tone

A

paralysis

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61
Q

what describes a muscle that has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working

A

spasticity

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62
Q

what happens to myocytes in atrophy

A

become smaller

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63
Q

when do individual myocytes enlarge

A

hypertrophy

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64
Q

name of a haploid cell

A

gamete

65
Q

what is a male gamete

A

spermatozoa

66
Q

female gamete is a

A

oocyte or ovum

67
Q

what separates the pelvic cavity and the perineum

A

pelvic floor (skeletal muscle)

68
Q

what is inferior to the pelvic floor

A

perineum

69
Q

what is the lining of abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

70
Q

space between visceral and parietal cavity

A

peritoneal cavity

71
Q

most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in upright female

A

rectouterine pouch

72
Q

pouch between bladder and uterus

A

vesicouterine pouch

73
Q

pouch between uterus and rectum

A

rectouterine pouch

74
Q

anterior to posterior in female- bladder, —-, rectum

A

uterus

75
Q

what is the urinary tract known as

A

external urethral orifice

76
Q

what is the female genital tract known as

A

vaginal orifice

77
Q

what is the GI tract known as

A

anus

78
Q

what is the main female reproductive organ

A

ovaries

79
Q

what is the brush like projections in the female genital tract

A

fimbriae into the infundibulum

80
Q

after infundibulum it goes into

A

ampulla then isthmus (narrow) then uterus then cervix to vagina

81
Q

what are the layers of the uterus wall

A

endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium

82
Q

what moves the ovum along uterine tube until it reaches the uterus

A

cilia

83
Q

during menstruation a – ovum is expelled

A

unfertilized

84
Q

what uterus layer contract to expel ovum

A

myometrium

85
Q

where doe fertilisation usually occur

A

ampulla

86
Q

where does implantation in pregnancy usually occur

A

body of the uterus

87
Q

what is it called when a fertilised ovum implants outside fo the uterine cavity

A

ectopic pregnancy

88
Q

what contains the testes

A

scrotum

89
Q

what passes urine and ejaculation of sperm

A

urethra

90
Q

what is the main reproductive organ for males

A

testes

91
Q

what happens during erection

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue become filled with blood at arterial pressure

92
Q

what is the pouch in males between the bladder and rectum

A

rectovesical

93
Q

where do testes originate

A

posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

94
Q

when have the testes descended into the scrotum

A

by birth

95
Q

what do seminiferous tubules produce

A

spermatozoa

96
Q

what does the spermatic chord contain

A

-vas deferens
-testicular artery
-pampiniform plexus of veins

97
Q

route for spermatozoa

A

seminiferous tubules to rete testis to head of epididymis then epididymis becomes vas deferens

98
Q

what happens within the prostate

A

right and left ejaculatory ducts join together

99
Q

the right and left ejaculatory ducts join together within the prostate and drain into

A

urethra

100
Q

what does twisting of the spermatic chord do

A

disrupts blood supply causing severe pain and danger of necrosis

101
Q

what is sterilisation in female

A

tubal ligation - uterine tubes clipped, cut or cauterized

102
Q

what is male sterilisation

A

vasectomy - vas deferens transected and lumen sutured shut

103
Q

what is an axon

A

electrical cable carrying action potentials

104
Q

what surrounds axon

A

myelin sheath

105
Q

what is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglion

106
Q

what is a bundle of axons in the CNS

A

Tract

107
Q

what is a bundle of axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

108
Q

what are these: somatic sensory, somatic motor, special sensory, visceral afferent, sympathetic, parasympathetic

A

modalities of axons

109
Q

modalities of spinal nerves

A

somatic sensory, somatic motor and sympathetic

110
Q

do spinal nerves and cranial nerves have axons that have mixed modalities

A

yes

111
Q

what is the main part of the brain called

A

cerebrum

112
Q

sulcus are the lines between

A

gyrus

113
Q

what is the lobe in the brain between the frontal and occipital lobe

A

parietal

114
Q

what does the spinal chord pass through

A

foramen magnum

115
Q

4 segments of the spinal chord:

A

cervical (C1-C7)
thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacral (S1-S5)

116
Q

where are there 2 enlargements in the spinal chord

A

cervical and lumbosacral for control of limbs

117
Q

where does the spinal chord end

A

conus medullaris

118
Q

what level is the conus medullaris

A

L1/L2

119
Q

when the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots descend in the vertebral canal they form

A

cauda equina

120
Q

what do autonomic nerves do

A

innervate organs, smooth muscle, glands

121
Q

what does the spinal chord connect bilaterally with

A

spinal nerves

122
Q

when do you name a spinal nerve according to the vertebrae below

A

cervical region spinal nerves

123
Q

spinal nerves connect with structures of the soma via

A

rami

124
Q

spinal nerves connect with the spinal chord via

A

roots and rootlets

125
Q

what rami supplies most of the soma

A

anterior rami

126
Q

a network of intertwined anterior rami that supply all the limbs Bia

A

plexus

127
Q

rootlets and roots form spinal nerve before becoming

A

anterior and posterior rami

128
Q

what plexus supplies the posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm

A

cervical

129
Q

what plexus supplies the upper limb

A

brachial

130
Q

what plexus supplies the lower limb

A

lumbar

131
Q

what plexus supplies the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

A

sacral

132
Q

what has no posterior rami

A

limbs

133
Q

what is an area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve

A

dermatomes

134
Q

T4 dermatome is the

A

nipple

135
Q

T10 dermatome is the

A

umbilicus

136
Q

cranial nerves pneumonic

A

some say money matters but my brother says big brains matters more

137
Q

cranial foramina for olfactory

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

138
Q

foramina for optic nerve

A

optic canal

139
Q

cranial foramina for occulomotor, trochlear and Trigeminal (1) and abducent

A

superior orbital fissure

140
Q

foramina for trigeminal (2)

A

Foramen rotundum

141
Q

foramen for trigeminal (3)

A

foramen ovale

142
Q

foramen for facial nerve and vestibulocochlear

A

internal acoustic meatus

143
Q

foramen for glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerve

A

jugular foramen

144
Q

foramen for hypoglossal canal

A

hypoglossal canal

145
Q

receptors for coarse, fine touch, vibration and proprioception

A

mechanoreceptors

146
Q

receptors for temperature

A

thermoreceptors

147
Q

receptors for well localised pain

A

nociceptors

148
Q

somatic sensation to brain

A

Sensory receptors stimulated → anterior ramus → plexus (e.g. lumbar) → dorsal root ganglion → dorsal roots → dorsal rootlets → posterior horn → cross over midline and action potentials ascend towards brain

149
Q

motor innervation to skeletal muscle

A

anterior horn , anterior rootlets, anterior roots, spinal nerves , plexus and synapse onto skeletal muscle which contracts

150
Q

what reflexes misses out pathways to brain and is involuntary

A

spinal reflexes

151
Q

visceral afferent sensory nerves detect pain that is usually

A

poorly localised

152
Q

sympathetic spinal nerves exits at

A

T1-L2

153
Q

sympathetic outflow travels via what to reach organs

A

splanchnic nerves

154
Q

parasympathetic division does not supply

A

body wall organs or arterioles

155
Q

parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via cranial nerves…

A

3,7,9 and 10

156
Q

vagus nerve supplies organs of the

A

neck, chest and abdomen as far as the mid gut

157
Q

what spinal nerves carry parasympathetic axons to handgun, pelvis and perineum

A

sacral spinal nerves

158
Q

sensory and motor innervation of organs

A

sensory is visceral afferent and motor is sympathetic and parasympathetic

YEAR 1 ANATOMY (2 decks)

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