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First Aid STEP 1 - Microbiology > Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What of part of the bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

outer membrane (gram negative)

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2
Q

What contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins?

A

plasmid

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3
Q

What allows for adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces?

A

glycocalyx

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4
Q

What microorganisms contain sterols and have no cell wall?

A

mycoplasma

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5
Q

What microorganisms contain mycelia acid and a high lipid content?

A

mycobacteria

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6
Q

What microorganisms are detected on Giemsa stain?

A 
Chlamydiae (pleomorphic)
Borrelia (spirochetes)
Rickettsiae (pleomorphic)
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

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7
Q

What microorganisms do not stain well?

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

Trepenoma
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
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8
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)?

A

stains GLYCOGEN

Used to diagnose WHIPPLE DISEASE (Tropheryma whipplei)

PASs the sugar

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9
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)?

A

acid-fast organisms (Nocardia, Mycobacterium)

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10
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with India ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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11
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with silver stain?

A

fungi (e.g. pneumocystis)LegionellaHelicobacter pylori

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12
Q

What is the special culture requirement?

  1. H. influenzae
  2. N. gonorrhoeae,
  3. B. pertussis
  4. C. diptheriae
  5. M. tuberculosis
  6. M. pneumoniae
  7. Lactose-fermenting enterics
  8. Legionella
  9. Fungi
A
  1. chocolate agar
  2. Thayer-Martin media
  3. Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
  4. Tellurite agar, Loffler medium
  5. Lowenstein-Jensen agar
  6. Eaton agar, requires cholesterol
  7. Pink colonies on MacConkey agar
  8. charcoal yeast extract agar
  9. Sabouraud agar
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13
Q

What are examples of obligate aerobes?

A

Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MycoBacterium Tuberculosis

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14
Q

If someone uses an TNF - alpha inhibitor or is immunocompromised and gets a reactivation of TB, where will the infection most likely show in the lungs and why?

A

TB will have a predilection for the apices of the lung b/c it has the highest PO2

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15
Q

What are examples of obligate anaerobes?

A

Anaerobes Can’t Breathe Air

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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16
Q

What are some defining features of obligate anaerobes?

A

generally foul smelling and produce gas in the tissue

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17
Q

Where are anaerobes normally found?

A

GI tract

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18
Q

What class of antibiotics is ineffective against anaerobes and why?

A

Aminoglycosides b/c these antibiotics require O2 to enter into bacterial cells

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19
Q

What are 2 obligate intracellular organisms?

A

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

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20
Q

What are examples of facultative intracellular organisms?

Study These Flashcards
A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
21
Q

What are examples of encapsulated bacteria?

Study These Flashcards
A

SHiNE SKiS

Strep. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
E. coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
group B Strep
22
Q

What are examples of catalase positive organisms?

Study These Flashcards
A

You need PLACESS for your CATs.

Psuedomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. coli
S. aureus
Serratia

CAT = catalase positive

23
Q

Most encapsulated bacterial vaccines require what additional component in order for the polysaccharide capsule to be presented to the T cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

the polysaccharide capsule Ags must be conjugated to a carrier protein

EXAMPLES: pneumococcal vaccine, H. influenzae type B, and meningococcal vaccine

EXCEPTION: penumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein i.e. Pneumovax

24
Q

What are urease-positive bugs?

Study These Flashcards
A

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS

Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
25
What color pigment is associated with the following microbes... Actinomyces israelii S. aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcescens
Actinomyces israelii - yellow "sulfur" granules S. aureus - yellow pigment Pseudomonas aeruginosa - blue/green pigment Serratia marcescens - red pigment
26
What is the function of Protein A and which microorganism expresses it?
Binds Fc region of IgG --> prevents opsonization and phagocytosis S. aureus
27
What is the function of IgA protease and which microorganisms express it?
enzyme that cleaves IgA S. pneumoniae H. influenzae type B Neisseria **They do this in order to colonize respiratory mucosa
28
What is the function of M protein and which microorganism expresses it?
helps prevent phagocytosis expressed by group A strep
29
What is the mechanism of the diphtheria toxin?
ribosylation of EF-2 --> inhibits protein synthesis
30
What do the pseudomonas aeruginosa (exotoxin A) and the diphtheria toxin have in common?
both inactivate EF-2 --> inhibit protein synthesis
31
What is the similar mechanism of actin for Shiga toxin (ST) and shing-like toxin (SLT)?
inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
32
What is a major difference between Shigella and EHEC?
EHEC does NOT invade host cells
33
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is more often seen in EHEC or Shigella infections?
EHEC
34
What are the 2 toxins secreted by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
1. heat LABILE toxin (LT) --> over activates adenylate cyclase --> increases cAMP --> increases Cl secretion into gut and water efflux 2. heat STABILE toxin (ST) --> over activates gauntlet cycle --> increases cGMP --> decreases resorption of NaCl and water in gut
35
What does the toxin in bacillus anthracis cause increased fluid secretion?
EDEMA FACTOR - mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme --> increases cAMP
36
How does vibrio cholera's toxin cause increased fluid secretion?
CHOLERA TOXIN - overactivates adenylate cyclase --> increases cAMP by permanently activating Gs --> increases Cl secretion in gut and water efflux --> voluminous "rice water" stool
37
How does Bordetella pertussis toxin (Pertussis toxin) inhibit phagocytic activity?
Overactivates adenylate cyclase --> increases cAMP by disabling Gi --> impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
38
What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Clostridium tetani?
TETANOSPASMIN: protease cleaves SNARE proteins required for release of inhibitory NT's GABA and glycine --> spasticity, rises sardonicus, and "lockjaw"
39
What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Clostridium botulinum?
BOTULINUM TOXIN: protease cleaves SNARE proteins required for release of stimulatory ACh signals at neuromuscular junction --> flaccid paralysis or "floppy baby" (if ingested honey)
40
What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Clostridium perfringens?
ALPHA TOXIN: phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes --> myonecrosis and hemolysis
41
What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Streptococcus pyogenes?
STREPTOLYSIN O: protein that degrades cell membrane --> lyses RBCs, contributes to beta-hemolysis
42
How do super antigens cause disease?
Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside of Ag binding site --> causes overwhelming release of INF-gamma and IL-2 --> SHOCK
43
Name the two microorganisms that have super antigens.
S. aureus (TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME TOXIN) | S. pyogenes (EXOTOXIN A)
44
What is transformation in basic bacteriology?
the ability to take up naked DNA (i.e. from cell lysis) from environment Particular pathogens: S. pneumoniae H. influenzae type B Neisseria
45
What is conjugation in basic bacteriology?
DNA transferred directly from one bacterium to another by conjugation
46
What is transposition in basic bacteriology?
a segment of DNA (e.g. transposon) that can "jump" (excision and reintegration) from one location to another e.g. antibiotic resistance genes on R plasmid
47
What is transduction in basic bacteriology?
Generalized - a "packaging" event. LYTIC phage infects bacterium --> cleavage of bacterial DNA Specialized - an "excision" event. LYSOGENIC phage infects bacterium --> viral DNA incorporates into bacterial chromosome
48
Genes for which microorganisms are encoded in a lysogenic phage?
ABCDE ``` ShigA-like Toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphtheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin ```

First Aid STEP 1 - Microbiology (4 decks)

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