Basic Bacterioogy

Question 1

What enzyme cross links the peptides side chains in peptidoglycan?

Answer 1

Transpeptidase

Question 2

What is the site of endotoxins for gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 2

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) major surface antigen in outer membrane for Gram negative

Question 3

What induces TNF and IL-1 for Graham negative bacteria?

Answer 3

Lipid a induces TNF and IL-1, O polysaccharide is the antigen

Question 4

Where are beta lactamase enzymes located in Gram negative bacteria?

Answer 4

In the periplasm

Question 5

What is the difference between the chemical composition of Pilus/fimbria and flagellum?

Answer 5

Pilus/fimbria is composed of glycoprotein, Flagellum is composed of protein

Question 6

Describe spore Chemical composition?

Answer 6

Dipicolinic acid, peptidoglycan, keratin-like coat

Question 7

What is the definition of capsule and what is the exception?

Answer 7

Organize discrete polysaccharide layer, exception bacillus anthracis which contain D glutamate

Question 8

Name all of the coccus bacteria

Answer 8

Gram-positive are at Staphylococcus and streptococcus; grand negatives are Moraxella, Neisseria

Question 9

Name the gram-positive rod bacteria?

Answer 9

Bacillus, Clostridium, corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, listera, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium,Gardnerella

Question 10

Name the gram-negative respiratory bacteria?

Answer 10

Bordetella, legionella (silver stain), Haemophilus (pleomorphic)

Question 11

Name the bacteria that are branching filaments?

Answer 11

Actinomyces and nocardia

Question 12

Name the spirochetes?

Answer 12

Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema

Question 13

What are the bacterias that do not Gram stain well?

Answer 13

Treponema, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, legionella pneumophila, rickettsia, chlamydia; these microbes may lack real color

Question 14

What bacteria has the special culture requirement been chocolate agar? What are the media contacts?

Answer 14

H. Influenzae; Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

Question 15

What special culture does Neisseria bacteria have to grow in? What are its media contents? What is the mnemonic device?

Answer 15

Thayer-Martin, vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms) Trimethoprim and Coliston (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria) Nystatin (inhibits fungi); very typically cultures Neisseria

Question 16

Lipoteichoic acid in the cell wall indices what?

Answer 16

TNF and IL-1

Question 17

What special culture is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Legionella? E. Coli?

Answer 17

Lowenstein Jensen agar; charcoal yeast extract Agar buffered cysteine and iron;

Question 18

What bacteria has the virulence factor IgA protease? What does this allow them to do? What is the mnemonic?

Answer 18

S. pneumonia, H. Influenza, Neisseria; colonize respiratory mucosa; SHiN

Question 19

What is M protein? Protein A?

Answer 19

Helps prevent phagocytosis, expressed in Strep A (plays a role in rheumatic fever)
Binds Fc region of IgG. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis. Expressed by S. Aureus

Question 20

What is the source for exotoxin? Endotoxin?

Answer 20

From both gram-positive and negative bacteria; outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Question 21

What is the difference between exotoxin and endotoxin composition?

Answer 21

Exotoxin is polypeptide, endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide

Question 22

What is the location of genes for exotoxin and endotoxin?

Answer 22

exotoxin is plasmid or bacteriophage, and the location of genes for endotoxin are bacteria chromosome

Question 23

What are the effects of endotoxin?

Answer 23

Fever, shock (hypotension), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Question 24

What is the mode of action for Endotoxins?

Answer 24

Induces TNF, IL – 1, and IL – 6

Question 25

Explain to antigenicity for exotoxin and endotoxin? Vaccines available?

Answer 25

Exotoxin induces high titer antibiotic is called antitoxins, endotoxin is poorly and poorly antigenic; vaccine for exotoxin is called toxoids, no toxoids or vaccine is available for endotoxins

Question 26

What is the toxin, mechanism, and manifestation for Corynebacterium diphtheria?

Answer 26

Diphtheria tocsin, inactivate elongation factor EF-2, pharyngitis and single membrane is in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)

Question 27

What is that toxin, mechanism, and manifestation for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 27

Exotoxin A, inactivate elongation factor (EF-2), host cell death

Question 28

What is the toxin, mechanism, and manifestation for Shigella

Answer 28

Shiga toxin; inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; G.I. mucosal damage, dysentery, enhance cytokine release causing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

Question 29

Describe the toxin, mechanism, and manifestationfor enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

Answer 29

Shiga-like toxin; inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; SLT Enhances cytokine release causing HUS

Question 30

Named the bugs with exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 30

Cornynebacterium diphtheria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, enterohemorrhagic E. coli

Question 31

Named a bugs with exotoxin that increase his fluid secretion?

Answer 31

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), bacillus anthrax, vibrio cholera

Question 32

What are the two toxins that ETEC secretes? What is the result of both of these toxins?

Answer 32

Heat Liable toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST); watery diarrhea

Question 33

What is the mechanism for LT toxin and ST toxin that ETEC secretes?

Answer 33

LT toxin overactivates adenylate cyclase (cAMP) production> increasing chloride ion secretion and gut and water the flux; ST toxin Guanylate cyclase production> decreasing the resorption of sodium chloride and water and got (water stays in gut)

Question 34

How does bacillus anthrax increase fluids secretion?

Answer 34

Releasing edema toxin that mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme increasing cAMP production…response before the edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax