Basic cells and tissues (lesson 2)

Question 1

What is a cell?

Answer 1

A cell is the basic unit of life

Question 2

Basic cell functions are to:

1. Obtain ____ and ______
2. perform ______ _______
3. Eliminate ______ _______ and ____ produce
4. Synthesise _____ and cell ______
5. control _____ of materials
6. Adapt/respond to _______ change

Answer 2

1. nutrients, oxygen
2. chemical reactions
3. carbon dioxide, waste
4. proteins, components
5. exchange
6. environmental

Question 3

Cells are ____ ____ of all living organisms

Answer 3

building blocks

Question 4

Where do all cells come from?

Answer 4

The division of pre-existing cells

Question 5

cells are the smallest units that perform vital ______ functions

Answer 5

physiological

Question 6

Define Homeostasis

Answer 6

The maintenance of a stable, internal environment.

Question 7

the nucleus and the cytoplasm are part of the cell ____

Answer 7

interior

Question 8

what 2 things does the cytoplasm contain?

Answer 8

cytosol (gel like fluid in the cytoplasm) and cell organelles

Question 9

______ fluid is part of the cell exterior.

Answer 9

Extracellular

Question 10

The cell membrane/plasma membrane can also be known as the _______

Answer 10

plasmalemma

Question 11

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

Answer 11

a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and carbohydrates

Question 12

Are the phospholipid heads hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 12

Hydrophilic heads

Question 13

Are the phospholipid tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 13

Hydrophobic tails

Question 14

The Functions of the cell membrane are:

1. _____ _______
2. _________ __ _______ with the _______
3. _______ between the ___ and its environment
4. ____ ______

Answer 14

1. physical isolation
2. regulation of exchange, environment
3. communication, cell
4. structural support

Question 15

Name the barrier that surrounds the nucleus that is interrupted by nuclear pores

Answer 15

nuclear envelope/membrane

Question 16

The nucleus contains chromatin, define chromatin.

Answer 16

Chromatin is a network of fibres made from protein and DNA

Question 17

What happens to chromatin when a cell divides?

Answer 17

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Question 18

What structure is found in the centre of the nucleus?

Answer 18

the nucleolus

Question 19

The nucleolus is a ______ structure composed of _____ and _____ associated with DNA.

Answer 19

coiled, RNA, proteins

Question 20

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 20

It stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA to synthesise proteins.

Question 21

What are membranous organelles surrounded by?

Answer 21

Lipid Membranes

Question 22

Name 5 membranous organelles

Answer 22

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

Question 23

Organelles that are not enclosed by a membrane and always in contact with the cytosol are known as ______

Answer 23

non-membranous organelles

Question 24

Name 6 non membranous organelles

Answer 24

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes and proteosomes

Question 25

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 25

It's a network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm.

Question 26

Name the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum you can get.

Answer 26

rough er and smooth er

Question 27

what is another name for the rough er?

Answer 27

granular er

Question 28

what is another name for the smooth er?

Answer 28

granular er

Question 29

The ____ ER has ribosomes attached.

Answer 29

Rough

Question 30

what is the function of the rough ER?

Answer 30

Responsible for the packaging and transport of proteins secreted by cell or distributed to other cell organelles (discharged)

Question 31

The smooth ER is responsible for ____ synthesis.

Answer 31

lipid

Question 32

What is the other function of the smooth ER?

Answer 32

The storage and release of calcium for muscle contraction and other cell activities.

Question 33

The Golgi apparatus is found near to the _____.

Answer 33

nucleus

Question 34

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.

Answer 34

Stacks of flattened membranes containing chambers.

Question 35

what are these flattened membranes of the Golgi known as?

Answer 35

cisternae

Question 36

The function of the Golgi apparatus is the _______, ______ and _____ of _______ product and ______ enzymes. Also for transport to the ____ _______.

Answer 36

storage, alteration and packaging secretory lysosomal plasma membrane

Question 37

Name the 3 types of vesicles.

Answer 37

secretory vesicles, membrane renewal vesicles and lysosomes

Question 38

What process do secretory vesicles perform?

Answer 38

Exocytosis, contents released to cell exterior

Question 39

What are lysosomes?

Answer 39

Lysosomes are vesicles containing digestive enzymes

Question 40

What is the function of a lysosome?

Answer 40

The intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

Question 41

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 41

Vesicles containing degradative enzymes.

Question 42

The function of peroxisomes is the _______ of _____ and other organic compounds (breakdown complex molecules to form simple ones), ______ of _____ compounds generated in the process.

Answer 42

catabolism, fats, neutralisation, toxic

Question 43

What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

Answer 43

Mitochondrion

Question 44

what is the mitochondrion the site of?

Answer 44

aerobic respiration

Question 45

mitochondria has a ______ membrane.

Answer 45

double

Question 46

The folds of the inner membrane (of the mitochondria) are known as the _____.

Answer 46

cristae

Question 47

Cristae increase the ______ _____ exposed to the fluid content of the matrix.

Answer 47

surface area

Question 48

What does the matrix contain and why?

Answer 48

metabolic enzymes to catalyse the reactions that provide energy for cellular functions.

Question 49

What type of energy is produced in the mitochondrion (95%)?

Answer 49

ATP

Question 50

Where will you find fixed ribosomes?

Answer 50

on the rough ER

Question 51

Free ribosomes are found scattered in the ______.

Answer 51

cytoplasm

Question 52

Each ribosome consists of _______ and ____ molecules.

Answer 52

protein and RNA

Question 53

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 53

Its responsible for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids using information carried by RNA molecules, from DNA in the nucleus.

Question 54

The ribosome is the site of ______ synthesis.

Answer 54

Protein

Question 55

Proteins synthesised on free ribosomes pass into the ________.

Answer 55

cytosol

Question 56

Proteins synthesised on fixed ribosomes go to the ______ ________.

Answer 56

Golgi apparatus

Question 57

The centrioles direct ______ of _____in _____ ___________.

Answer 57

movement, chromosomes, cell division

Question 58

What do centrioles organise?

Answer 58

The cytoskeleton.

Question 59

The cytoplasm surrounding centrioles is the ______.

Answer 59

centrosome.

Question 60

cilia are anchored by a _____ ______.

Answer 60

basal body

Question 61

cilia assist the _____ of materials across the cell surface.

Answer 61

movement

Question 62

what is the function of protesomes?

Answer 62

To breakdown and recycle damaged or abnormal proteins.

Question 63

The cytoskeleton proteins are organised in ____ ________ or ______ _______.

Answer 63

fine filaments, slender tubes

Question 64

What does the cytoskeleton provide?

Answer 64

skeletal strength and flexibility

Question 65

what is the function of microvilli?

Answer 65

To increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.

Question 66

what does sarco have to do with?

Answer 66

Muscle

Question 67

Name the 3 types of muscle cells.

Answer 67

smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells

Question 68

smooth muscle cells are under _____ control.

Answer 68

involuntary

Question 69

Where are smooth muscle cells found?

Answer 69

in the walls of internal organs eg. blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract

Question 70

what shape are smooth muscle cells?

Answer 70

spindle shaped cells

Question 71

What do smooth muscle cells lack?

Answer 71

They lack visible striations.

Question 72

smooth muscle cells have a _____ _____ nucleus.

Answer 72

single, central

Question 73

cardiac muscle cells are under ______ control.

Answer 73

involuntary

Question 74

Where are cardiac muscle cells found?

Answer 74

in the heart

Question 75

Cardiac muscle cells are _____ cells.

Answer 75

branching

Question 76

how many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have?

Answer 76

they have one single central nucleus

Question 77

In cardiac muscle cells are the striations invisible or visible?

Answer 77

Visible striations

Question 78

Skeletal muscle cells account for approx. ____ of our body weight.

Answer 78

40%

Question 79

Skeletal muscle cells are under ______ control.

Answer 79

voluntary

Question 80

What are skeletal muscle cells connected to and why?

Answer 80

They are connected to bones for articulation/movement.

Question 81

what shape are skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 81

They are elongated cells

Question 82

Give me information about the nucleus in skeletal muscle cells.

Answer 82

there are multiple peripheral nuclei.

Question 83

Skeletal muscle cells _____ ______ striations.

Answer 83

have visible

Question 84

Name the 4 components of muscle.

Answer 84

muscle tissue, connective tissues, nerves and blood vessels.

Question 85

myo______ > myo_______> muscle _____/fibre> ______> ______

Answer 85

myofilaments>myofibril>muscle cell/fibre>fascicle>muscle

Question 86

What are nerve cells also known as?

Answer 86

neurones

Question 87

``` A typical neurone is made up of: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```

Answer 87

1. Dendrites 2. Cell Body 3. Axon 4. Axon terminals/ telodendria

Question 88

what is the neuron cell body made up of?

Answer 88

nucleus and perikaryon

Question 89

An axon may be _______ or ___-________

Answer 89

myelinated or non-myelinated

Question 90

Define myelinated

Answer 90

having a myelin sheath

Question 91

why is having a myelin sheath beneficial?

Answer 91

Its a mix of proteins and phospholipids that icrease the speed of impulse

Question 92

where are neuroglia found?

Answer 92

in the central nervous system

Question 93

Ependymal cells line _____ in the brain and the _____ canal in the _____ cord. They assist in producing, circulating and monitoring _______ ______.

Answer 93

ventricles, central, spinal | cerebrospinal fluid

Question 94

Astrocytes maintain _____-_____ barrier, provide _____ support, regulate ___, nutrient and dissolved gas ______, absorb and recycle _______ and form ____ tissue after _____.

Answer 94

blood-brain, structural, ion, concentrations, neurotransmitters, scar, injury

Question 95

________ myelinate CNS axons an provide structural framework.

Answer 95

Oligodendrocytes

Question 96

what is the function of the microglia?

Answer 96

Remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 97

What is a synapse?

Answer 97

A junction between 2 nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulse pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.