Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space and has mass, to include solids, liquids, and gases in our surroundings and body

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

The capacity to dowry or put matter into motion; may be converted from one form to other; some energy always unusable

Question 3

Potential energy

Answer 3

Stored energy or energy of position

Question 4

Kinetic energy

Answer 4

Active or working energy

Question 5

What are the forms of energy involved in body functioning?

Answer 5

Chemical, electrical, radiant, and mechanical; chemical (bond) is the most important

Question 6

Elements

Answer 6

Unique substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

Question 7

Which 4 elements make up 96% of the body weight?

Answer 7

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 8

What are the building blocks of elements?

Answer 8

Atoms

Question 9

What do atoms consist of?

Answer 9

Positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and uncharged neutrons

Question 10

What is located in the atomic nucleus?

Answer 10

Protons and neutrons, which make up the atom’s total mass

Question 11

Where are the electrons located?

Answer 11

Outside the nucleus in the electron shells; the number of electrons equals the number of protons.

Question 12

What are the identifying elements of an atom?

Answer 12

The atomic number (p+) and the mass number (p+ + n0)

Question 13

What is an isotope?

Answer 13

Different atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutrons that contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive

Question 14

What is a radioisotope?

Answer 14

The more heavy and unstable of the isotopes; decompose to more stable forms by emitting alpha or beta particles or gamma rays; useful in medical diagnosis and treatment and in biomedical research

Question 15

What is a molecule?

Answer 15

The smallest unit resulting from the chemical bonding of two or more atoms; if the atoms are different, they form a molecule of a compound

Question 16

What is a compound?

Answer 16

A substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united

Question 17

What is a mixture?

Answer 17

Physical combination of solutes in a solvent; mixtures components retain their individual properties and can be physically separated; may be homogeneous or heterogeneous

Question 18

What are the types of mixtures?

Answer 18

In order of decreasing solute size, solutions, colloids, an d suspensions

Question 19

How are solution concentrations typically designated?

Answer 19

In terms of percent or molarity

Question 20

What is an electron shell?

Answer 20

Also known as an energy level, it is the area of space within an atom that electrons occupy

Question 21

What is the valence shell?

Answer 21

The shell farthest from the nucleus

Question 22

Which electrons are the most energetic?

Answer 22

The ones in the valence shell

Question 23

What is a chemical bond?

Answer 23

An energy relationship between valence shell electrons of the reacting atoms; atoms with an incomplete valence shell interact with other atoms to achieve stability

Question 24

What is a chemically unreactive, or inert, atom?

Answer 24

An atom with a full valence shell or eight valence shell electrons

Question 25

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 25

A chemical bond formed when valence shell electrons are COMPLETELY transferred from one atom to another; also called an "electrovalent bond"

Question 26

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 26

A chemical bond formed when atoms SHARE electron pairs

Question 27

What is a non polar molecule?

Answer 27

When electron pairs are shared equally in a covalent bond

Question 28

What is a polar molecule, or dipole?

Answer 28

When electrons pairs are unequally shared in a covalent bond.

Question 29

What is a chemical reaction?

Answer 29

A reaction involves the formation, breaking, or rearrangement of chemical bonds

Question 30

What are the types of chemical reactions?

Answer 30

Either anabolic (destructive) or anabolic (constructive) reactions; include synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions

Question 31

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Answer 31

May be considered a special type of exchange (or decomposition) reaction

Question 32

What is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 32

A chemical reaction where energy is liberated

Question 33

What is an endergonic?

Answer 33

A chemical reaction where energy absorbed

Question 34

Explain energy flow in chemical reactions.

Answer 34

bonds are energy relationships and there is a net loss or gain of energy in every chemical reaction

Question 35

Explain the reversibility of chemical reactions

Answer 35

If reaction conditions remain unchanged, all chemical reactions eventually reach a state of chemical equilibrium in which the reaction proceeds in both directions at the same rate

Question 36

Are all chemical reactions reversible?

Answer 36

Yes, but many biological reactions go in only one direction because of energy requirements or the removal of reaction products

Question 37

What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions?

Answer 37

When particles collide and valence shell electrons interact; the smaller the reacting particles, the great their kinetic energy and the faster the reaction rate; higher temperature or reactant concentration, as well as the presence of catalysts

Question 38

What is the atomic number?

Answer 38

the number of protons in the atoms of a particular element (Hydrogen atoms contain one proton and therefore has the atomic no. 1

Question 39

what is the atomic weight of an atom?

Answer 39

approximately equals the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

Question 40

what are ions?

Answer 40

atoms that gain or lose electrons, hence becoming electrically charged

Question 41

What is a decomposition reaction?

Answer 41

when the bonds within a reactant molecule break so that simpler molecules, atoms, or ions form AB --> A + B

Question 42

What is a synthesis reaction?

Answer 42

when two or more atoms (reactants) bond to form a more complex structure (product) A + B --> AB

Question 43

What is an exchange reaction?

Answer 43

parts of two different types of molecules trade positions; AB + CD --> AD + CB

Question 44

What is an example of an exchange reaction?

Answer 44

When an acid reacts with a base, producing water and a salt

Question 45

What is the definition of a reversible reaction?

Answer 45

When the product(s) of the reaction can change back to the reactant(s) that originally underwent the reaction

Question 46

What is a catalyst?

Answer 46

particular atoms or molecules that can change the rate (not the direction) of a reaction without being consumed in the process

Question 47

What are electrolytes?

Answer 47

substances that release electrically charged ions in water

Question 48

This type of electrolyte releases hydrogen ions in the water

Answer 48

acid

Question 49

This type of electrolyte releases ions that bond with hydrogen ions

Answer 49

base; NaOH --> Na+ + OH-

Question 50

How is pH measured?

Answer 50

Measured by the concentration of hydrogen ions (and hydroxide ions) in a substance

Question 51

Water is an important _____ because many substances readily dissolve in it.

Answer 51

solvent

Question 52

What is a substance that dissolves in water and is broken down into smaller and smaller pieces, eventually to molecular-sized particles, called?

Answer 52

solute

Question 53

how do inorganic and organic molecules differ?

Answer 53

Organic molecules contain carbon AND hydrogen

Question 54

name the inorganic substances common in body fluids

Answer 54

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and salts

Question 55

how do electrolytes and non electrolytes differ?

Answer 55

Electrolytes release electrically charge ions in water