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Cattle I > Basic clinical procedures > Flashcards

Basic clinical procedures Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

IM injections in cattle

A

Inject at a 90degree angle to skin surface

Insert needle first

Draw back

Don’t inject more than 20-30mls in a single location

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2
Q

Main sites of IM injections

A

Neck - preferred site (less valuable)

Triceps - not commonly used

Gluteals - commonly used (but valuable cut of meat)

Semimembranosus/semitendinosus - only for small volumes

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3
Q

Subcut injections in cattle

A

Anywhere where there is loose skin (neck/shoulder region)

Needle inserted at 30-45 degree angle from the surface of the skin

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4
Q

IV injections in cattle

A

Use antiseptic/alcohol

Insert needle slowly and gently

Draw back occasionally to check still in the vein

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5
Q

Sites for IV injections

A

Jugular - most commonly used

Middle caudal vein (tail) - less risk of med getting to brain if artery is hit, only for small volumes <5ml and only in larger cattle

Mammary vein -should NOT be used (risk of thrombosis or phlebitis)

Cephalic or dorsal metatarsal veins - occasionally used if jugular becomes thrombosed

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6
Q

IV catheterisation

A

Usually in jugular but can use cephalic or dorsal metatarsal veins

Use scalpel blade to punture skin

Secure with sutures/adhesive tape/superglue

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7
Q

Use of flutter valves

A

When larger volumes need to be administered e.g. 400ml calcium and magnesium salts and glucose

Turn upside down to remove air from tubing before injecting

Can use S/C or IV

Flow rate adjusted by changing height of bottle

If below height of vessel blood will flow back into tube

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8
Q

Blood sampling

A

Cattle over 300kg: middle caudal vein (tail vein)

Calves or if large volumes of blood needed: jugular vein

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9
Q

Methods of oral administration

A

Bolus (balling) guns

Drench guns

Stomach tubes

Oesophageal feeders

Nasogastric intubation

Dose syringes and drench bottles

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10
Q

Bolus (balling) guns

A

Typically magnets, mineral supplementation, and sustained release wormers

Insert into side of mouth so end is just rostral to pharynx then trigger so animal swallows bolus

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11
Q

Drench guns

A

Similar technique to bolus guns but to administer a defined volume of fluid medication

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12
Q

Stomach tubes

A

To administer medicines and fluids as well as relieving ruminal bloat and rumen fluid collection.

Use speculum or guard to stop tube being chewed.

Should be able to watch it going down the oesophagus, stop if cow coughing.

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13
Q

Oesophageal feeders

A

Used for delivery of colostrum and electrolyes to neonatal calves

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14
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

Not commonly used in cattle

Avoids risk of iatrogenic damage to oral cavity

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15
Q

Dose syringes and drench bottles

A

For small volumes of medicines (<1L)

E.g. rumen stimulants, propylene glycol

Introduced to the oral cavity at commisure of lips, head held up and drug administered slowly

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16
Q

Blood/plasma transfusion

A

Indications: extreme anaemia, acute blood loss, FPT

Only need to crossmatch if they have had previous transfusion

Can donate 10-15ml blood per kg of BW

For anaemic cow each L of donated blood will raise PCV approx 0.75%

Take and administer blood through jugular, or if uncooperative can be administered intraperitoneally

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17
Q

Indications for caudal epidural anaesthesia

A

Relieve straining and tenesmus during dystocia

Replacing uterine and vaginal prolapses

Rectal or vaginal irritation

Anaesthesia for surgical procedures

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18
Q

Common site for caudal epidural anaesthesia

A

Between first and second coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co2) (first moveable joint) or the sacrococcygeal joint (S5-Co1)

Surgically prepare site

Confirmation of placement: negative pressure in epidural space will aspirate a few drops of anaesthetic agent

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19
Q

Dose of caudal epidural anaesthesia

A

1.0ml/100kg of local anaesthetic

Lower in belgian blues as they have small epidural space

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20
Q

Indications for disbudding/dehorning

A

Less stressful and risky if disbudded by 2wks of age

Dehorning during fly season (may-sept) not recommended

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21
Q

Restraint and anaesthesia for disbudding/dehorning

A

Use crush unless v young calves

Anaesthesia necessary under legislation

Blocking of corneal nerve preferred method (2-10ml) of LA

In mature animals use ring block around horn base

Sedation using xylazine useful particularly in older animals

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22
Q

Preparation for disbudding/dehorning

A

Hair clipped at horn base

Analgesia recommended before procedure e.g. meloxicam

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23
Q

Surgical technique for disbudding

Study These Flashcards
A

Red-hot disbudding iron placed on horn bud

Rotate several times

End angled to burn skin around the periphery of horn bud to destroy germinal epithelium

24
Q

Surgical procedure for dehorning

Study These Flashcards
A

Angle of dehorning should produce a uniform contour of the head

Should expose the corneal artery and not excessively expose the frontal sinus

Traction or torsion should be applied to corneal artery and branches to ensure adequate haemostasis

Cauterisation using hot iron to control haemorrhage

25
Cosmetic dehorning
Elliptical incision made around horn and surrounding skin Skin undermined before removing horn using sterile equipment Skin brought together and sutured using a tension relieving pattern
26
Common castration techniques in calves
Rubber ring Burdizzo Surgical
27
Rubber ring castration
Only allowed in first week of life Bloodless No anaesthetic required
28
Burdizzo castration
Up to 12 weeks Bloodless - good in summer for fly control, or in less hygienic environments
29
Surgical castration
Torsion: up tp 4mo Emasculator: 3-9mo Ligatures: over 9mo Ensure fly control adequate or avoid summer months. Consider tetanus prophylaxis
30
Restraint and anaesthesia for castration
Legal requirement for >8wks to give anaesthetic, strongly recommended for younger calves too Sedation and LA preferred method Small calves can be restrained in lateral recumbency and larger in standing restraint For surgical castration inject LA into testicle and under scrotal skin or spermatic cord For burdizzo just into the spermatic cord
31
Preparation for castration
Surgical castration: antibiotic therapy recommended, clean scrotum with antiseptic NSAIDs recommended for all techniques
32
Method of rubber ring castration
Band placed at base of scrotum, above testicles using elastrator
33
Method of burdizzo castration
Spermatic cord is palpated and held laterally in the scrotal neck Jaws of burdizzo closed across cord only leaving undamaged skin midline Hold in place for at least 10s Repeat distal to first crush Repeat on other side with crush sites offset from the first testicle Testicular tissue atrophies in 4-6 wks
34
Methods of surgical castration
Use scalpel to incise scrotum Closed: for bulls <90kg - Testicle grasped and traction applied - Fascia bluntly separated from spermatic cord - Spermatic vessels wrapped around finger with traction to force spontaneous rupture high in scrotal base - Spermatic cord can be ligated with absorbable suture material Open: for larger bulls - Incise vaginal tunic - Traction on testicle until spermatic vessels are isolated - Continued traction on spermatic vessels until they rupture in ventral inguinal region Emasculator can be used in open or closed
35
Post operative care for surgical castration
Topical antibiotic or antiseptic spray Clean bedding Monitor for haemorrhage and swelling or infection
36
Cryptorchidism
Uncommon in bulls Can be retained abdominally or within inguinal ring
37
Preparation for crytorchidism castration
Abdominally retained testicles: incision site for surgery determined based on rectal examination to determine site of testicle
38
Surgical technique for cyptorchid castration
Muscle-spreading incision made in paralumbar fossa (standing) or paramedian incision (in dorsal recumbency) in the ipsilateral to retained testicle Testicle is isolated and emasculator used to transect spermatic cord, usually within the peritoneal cavity Close incision
39
Post operative care for crytorchid castration
Parenteral ABx and NSAIDs
40
Ectopic testicle
Usually found subcutaneously cranial to the scrotum and lateral to penis Use surical castration
41
Indication for scirrhous cord removal
Scirrhous cord often associated with the retention and infection of testicular tunics after an improperly performed surgical castration
42
Restraint and anaesthesia for scirrhous cord removal
Standing restraint or lateral recumbency Sedation and analgesia recommended LA advised
43
Surgical technique for scirrhous cord removal
Scrotal tissue cleaned and scrubbed Vertical incision placed in scrotum Skin undermined and scirrhous cord isolated and bluntly dissected Spermatic cord is ligated and then incised removing the affected tissue
44
Indication for bull ringing
Nose rings in bulls are useful for handling purposes
45
Restraint and anaesthesia for bull ringing
Restrain in a crush Local anaesthetic block of the infra-orbital nerve or LA into site of ring placement
46
Procedure for bull ringing
In the fibrous septum distal to the cartilaginous septum which separate the nostrils Care taken to avoid cartilage A punch is used to facilitate the fitting Ring will have a hinge and can be operned for fitting Ring is then closed and held in place by interlocking joint and small screw - screw is tightened and head removed so surface is smooth
47
Post op care for bull ringing
Apply topical antibiotic cream Ideally move ring once a day for several days
48
Indication for supernumerary teat removal
Surgical removal warranted as they interfere with milking anf are associated with mastitis Ideally removed in first month of life
49
Restraint and anaesthesia for supernumerary teat removal
Younger animals: dorsal recumbency Older animals: standing Sedation or analgesia indicated Anaesthesia needed if animal older than 3mo LA infused into base of teat
50
Surgical technique for supernumerary teat removal
Isolated (caudal and intercalary) teats are removed with burdizzo and/or sharp curved scissors Haemorrhage uncommon Suturing required in most adult cows Attached (ramal) teats are removed with burdizzo and/or scissors - may produce a fistula in normal teat - close using an inflammatory suture material e.g. catgut
51
Abscess drainage
Rule out seromas or haematomas using centesis or US Liberal (>5cm) scalpel incision following LA infiltration, avoiding blood vessels. End at most dependent point of abscess to aid draining Large necrotic clumps and debris can be removed manually Flush cavity with antiseptic solution - do daily for 5-7days Systemic Abx not necessary for most abscess cases
52
CSF collection
Collected from atlanto-occipital or lumbosacral space
53
Abdominal paracentesis
Helathy cattle have little abdo fluid so colleciton can be difficult Most common site is intersection of a longitudinal line between the ventral midline and the right mammary vein and a transverse line midway between the umbilicus and xiphoid
54
Thoracocentesis and pericardioventesis
Rarely performed in cattle
55
Liver biopsy
Usually with ultrasound guidance Entry site is RHS in a line between tubercoxae and elbow at 10th intercostal space at the level of the greater trochanter of femur Sampling device is directed towards the opposite elbow to penetrate the liver
56
Urinary catherterisation
Possible in females, but not in males Sterile catheter introduced to urethra over the top of the sub-urethral diverticulum

Cattle I (33 decks)

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