Basic Concept of Radiation Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
From longest to shortest wavelength, identify all the types of electromagnetic radiation.
A
- Radio waves
- Microwaves
- Infrared
- Visible Light
- Ultraviolet light
- X-rays
- Gamma rays
2
Q
It is the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.
A
Electromagnetic Spectrum
3
Q
This type of EM radiation have the longest wavelength in the EM spectrum.
A
Radio waves
4
Q
This type of EM radiation carry signals for television and cellular phones.
A
Radio waves
5
Q
Type of EM radiation which is closer to a foot in length, and are the waves which heat our food in a microwave oven.
A
Longer microwaves
6
Q
Type of EM radiation that are used in remote sensing.
A
Shorter microwaves
7
Q
Type of EM radiation which are used for radar, like the doppler radar used in weather forecast.
A
Shorter microwaves
8
Q
A type of radar used in weather forecast.
A
Doppler radar
9
Q
Also known as IR
A
Infrared
10
Q
Type of EM radiation that lies between the visible and microwave portions of the EM spectrum.
A
Infrared
11
Q
How did Infrared get its name?
A
Because the wavelength of infrared rays is just a bit longer than that of red rays
12
Q
What is the primary source of infrared radiation?
A
Heat or thermal radiation
13
Q
This is the radiation produced by the motion of atoms and molecules in an object
A
Heat or thermal radiation
14
Q
This type of EM radiation is essentially just heat radiation.
A
Infrared
15
Q
What are the 3 categories of infrared?
A
near, mid, and far-infrared
16
Q
This refers tot the part of the infrared spectrum that is closest to visible light.
A
Near-infrared
17
Q
This refers to the part of the infrared spectrum that is closer to the microwave region.
A
Far-infrared
18
Q
Region between near-infrared and far-infrared
A
Mid-infrared
19
Q
Type of EM radiation which are the only EM waves visible to human eyes
A
Visible light
20
Q
This has the longest wavelength from the visible light spectrum.
A
Red (625-740 nm)
21
Q
This has the shortest wavelength from the visible light spectrum.
A
Violet (380-425 nm)
22
Q
This is seen as the colors of the rainbow.
A
Visible light
23
Q
What happens if all the waves in the visible light spectrum are seen together?
A
They make white light
24
Q
What happens if a white light shines through a prism?
A
The white light is broken apart into the colors of the visible light spectrum
25
This is a source of the full spectrum of ultraviolet spectrum.
Sun
26
These are most damaging and harmful and are almost completely absorbed by our atmosphere
UV-C Rays
27
These are harmful rays that cause sunburn and darkening of skin
UV-B rays
28
Exposure to UV-B rays increases what?
DNA and other cellular damage in living
29
These are UV rays that reaches the lens and retina, and can cause cataract and retinal diseases.
UV-A rays
30
What are the three regions of UV?
1. Near ultraviolet (NUV)
2. Far ultraviolet (FUV)
3. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV)
31
This is the light closest to optical or visible light
NUV (near ultraviolet)
32
This UV light is closest to X-rays
EUV (extreme ultraviolet)
33
UV rays between the NUV and EUV
FUV (far ultraviolet)
34
Type of EM radiation that have higher wavelengths and higher in energy than UV rays
X-rays
35
These were first observed and documented in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
X-rays
36
They have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any other wave in the EM spectrum
Gamma rays
37
these waves are generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions
Gamma rays
38
These can kill living cells, a fact which medicine uses to its advantage wherein the use of gamma rays occur to kill cancerous cells
Gamma rays
39
A stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (alpha particles) or negatively (beta particles) or not at all (neutrons)
Particulate Radiation
40
Atomic or subatomic particles (electrons protons, etc.) which carry energy in the form of kinetic energy or mass in motion
Particulate Radiation
41
This involves tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass
Particulate Radiation
42
This is primarily produced by disintegration of an unstable atom
Particulate Radiation
43
Particulate radiation is also known as?
Corpuscular radiation
44
Type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some unstable atoms
Alpha particle
45
This is relatively heavy, high-energy subatomic particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons
Alpha particle
46
Alpha particle is identical to what?
Helium nucleus
47
Who discovered alpha particles?
Ernest Rutherford
48
When and how was the discovery of the alpha particle occurred?
1899, Ernest Rutherford (English Scientist) discovered alpha particles while working with Uranium
49
What is the velocity in air of alpha particles?
Approximately one-twentieth the speed of light
50
Identify the 6 positive alpha emitters (skip this flashcard i dont think important sya pero just in case)
* Polonium-210
* Radium-226
* Thorium-230
* Uranium-234, 235, 238
* Plutonium-239
* Americium-241
51
Alpha emitter that can be used to treat cancer by inserting tiny amounts of it into tumorous mass
Radium-226
52
Alpha emitter that serves as a static eliminator in paper mills and other industries
Polonium-210
53
Some smoke detectors use the alpha emissions from which alpha emitter?
Americium-241
54
These atoms tend to be very large atoms.
Alpha emitting atoms
55
These are high-velocity electrons with an electrical charge of -1
Beta particles
56
This means high speed
Beta
57
Mass of beta particles:
549 millionths of one amu (1/2000 of the mass of a proton/neutron)
58
He is credited with the discovery of beta particles
Henri Becquerel
59
When did Henri Becquerel showed that beta particles were identical to electrons?
1900
60
Speed of beta particles depends on what?
How much energy they have
61
In the form of speed, this causes harm to living cells
Excess energy of beta particles
62
When transferred, this energy can break chemical bonds and form ions
Beta particles
63
A type of beta emitter used for treatment of thyroid disorders, such as cancer and graves disease (type of hyperthyroidism)
Iodine-131
64
This is a type of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
65
A beta emitter which is a radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural studies
Strontium-90
66
A beta emitter used for life science and drug metabolism studies to ensure the safety of potential new drugs
Tritium
67
This is able to penetrate tissues and organs of the human body when the radiation source is outside the body
Neutron radiation
68
This can be hazardous if neutron-emitting nuclear substances are deposited inside the body
Neutron radiation
69
These are high-speed nuclear particles that have an exceptional ability to penetrate other materials
Neutrons
70
Half life of a free neutron
15 minutes
71
Neutrons decay by means of:
Beta decay, to a proton, and an antineutrino
72
Type of neutron that has energies below thermal energies typically corresponding to meV and sub meV (0-0.025 eV)
Cold neutrons
73
Type of neutron colliding with atomic nuclei that either picks up energy if they are moving slower than the colliding nucleus, or lose energy if they are moving faster
Thermal neutrons
74
Type of neutron that generally have energies between 100's of eV to 0.5 or 1 MeV
Slow neutrons
75
Type of neutron that is generally between 0.5 and 10-20 MeV
Fast neutrons
76
Type of neutron which are energies of neutrons emitted by fission sources
Fast neutrons
77
Type of neutron that has above 20 MeV
High energy neutrons
78
Where does neutron radiation primarily occurs?
Inside a nuclear reactor
79
Positron is also known as?
Antielectron
80
This is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron
Positron
81
What is the charge of positron?
Electric charge of +1e ; also has the same mass as an electron
82
What happens when a low-energy positron collides with a low-energy electron?
Annihilation occurs
83
This is the production of two or more gamma ray photons
Annihilation
84
First step of discovery of positron was by?
Carl D. Anderson
85
When was Carl D. Anderson awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics?
1936
86
He concluded the existence of a positive particle of electronic mass (positive electron)
Carl D. Anderson
87
Second step of discovery of positron had been suggested by?
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
88
What did the second step of discovery of positron entailed?
The production of positive electrons by means of radioactive sources and the identification of Anderson's particle with the antielectron
89
Types of radiation according to its ionizing ability
1. Ionizing radiation
2. Non-ionizing Radiation
90
This refers to any process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged atoms or molecules (ions)
Ionization
91
This concept is one of the principal ways that radiation, such as charged particles and X-rays, transfers its energy to matter
Ionization
92
Type of radiation that has enough energy to cause the atoms in a molecule to vibrate but not enough to remove electrons
Non-ionizing radiation
93
5 types of non-ionizing radiation:
1. Ultraviolet radiation (Except EUV)
2. Visible light
3. Infrared radiation
4. Microwaves
5. Radio waves
94
Type of radiation that has extremely low-frequency radiation, has very long wavelengths, and its frequencies range from 100 Hz or less
Non-ionizing radiation
95
Type of radiation carried by any of several types of particles (particulate) and rays (EM radiation) given off by radioactive material, X-ray machines, and nuclear reactions
Ionizing radiation
96
Type of radiation that can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized
Ionizing radiation
97
Ionizing radiation includes:
1. Alpha particles
2. Beta particles
3. X-rays
4. Gamma rays
98
2 types of ionizing radiation:
1. Directly ionizing
2. Indirectly ionizing
99
Type of ionizing radiation that include charged particles (electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, heavy ions) with sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules
Directly ionizing
100
Type of ionizing radiation that when charged particles pass through materials, they ionize atoms
Directly ionizing
101
type of ionizing radiation that involves a larger energy transfer event from the primary charged particle to an electron of the medium
Directly ionizing
102
Type of ionizing radiation that may result in the production of a relatively energetic secondary electron, often referred to as a delta ray, which itself will go on to produce multiple ionization events
Directly ionizing
103
Type of ionizing radiation wherein it is not capable directly of producing the multiple ionization events that characterize the interactions of a charged particle
Indirectly ionizing
104
Type of ionizing radiation which includes uncharged particles such as photons and neutrons
Indirectly ionizing
105
Type of ionizing radiation that tends to deposit its energy at localized range in materials
Directly ionizing radiation
106
Type of ionizing radiation that deposits its energy along its whole path
Indirectly ionizing radiation
