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Chem Module 4 > Basic concepts and hydrocarbons 4.1 > Flashcards

Basic concepts and hydrocarbons 4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Chemistry derived from living systems

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Families of compounds that share similar chemical structures and properities

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4
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

In which the carbon atoms are joined together in either straight chains or branched chains

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5
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?

A

In which the carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure but are not aromatic

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6
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

In which there is at least one benzene ring in the structure

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7
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The naming system for compounds

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8
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

A

-ol

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9
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

A

-al

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10
Q

What is the suffix for alkenes?

A

-ene

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11
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

A

-ane

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12
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

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13
Q

What is the prefix for haloalkanes?

A

Fluoro-
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

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14
Q

What is the suffix for ketones?

A

-one

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15
Q

What does it mean when a molecule is unsaturated?

A

They only have single bonds

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16
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

What is the formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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18
Q

What is the formula for alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

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19
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristics and chemical reactions of a compound

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20
Q

What is the display formula?

A

It shows the relative position of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

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21
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

It gives the minimum detail or the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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22
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

It shows the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in a compound

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23
Q

What is the general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series

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24
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

It shows the numbers and types of atoms in a compound

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25
What is skeletal formula?
The briefest way of representing organic molecules
26
What is an alkyl group?
It is a branch of an alkane attached to a long hydrocarbon chain
27
What are the steps for naming molecules?
- count the longest HC chain - the functional group has to be on the lowest carbon possible
28
What is an isomer?
Same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms
29
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
30
What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?
Aldehyde functional group is on the end of the chain and ketone is in the middle
31
In the alkane structure what shape does every carbon have?
Tetrahedral shape with a bond angle of 109.5 degrees
32
Are alkane molecules polar or non polar?
They are non polar due to the small difference in electronegativity
33
What kind of bonds do alkanes contain?
Sigma bonds due to the direct overlap of the electron clouds of each atom
34
Does the structure of alkanes change the boiling point?
The more branched a compound is the fewer surface area interactions there are between molecules so there are fewer induced dipole dipole attractions leading to a lower boiling point
35
What are the three types of reactions?
- addition - substitution - elimination
36
What is an addition reaction?
When a molecule is added to an alkene
37
What is a substitution reaction?
When an atom is replaced by adding a group of atoms
38
What is an elimination reaction?
When a small molecule is removed to produce an alkene
39
What kinds of splitting are there when breaking covalent bonds?
Equal and unequal
40
What does equal splitting produce?
- produces positive and negative ions - heterolytic fission
41
What does unequal splitting produce?
- produces radicals - homolytic fission
42
What is a nucleophile?
- an electron pair donors - proton acceptor - can have a negative charge - attacks electron deficient areas
43
What is an electrophile?
- an electron pair acceptor - proton donator - has a positive charge (can be delta +) - attacks electron rich areas
44
What is a free radical?
- an atom with one unpaired electron - it wants to pair the electron up - attacks everything and is very reactive
45
What bonds are most likely to get attacked?
- single bonds are not very likely - double bonds are likely - polar molecules are likely
46
What does an arrow with two heads show?
It shows that 2 electrons are moving
47
What does an arrow with one head show?
It shows one electron is moving
48
What are the rules for curly arrows?
They have to start in the middle of a lone pair
49
What are the three stages of free radical substitution?
Initiation, propagation, termination
50
What conditions are needed for initiation?
UV light
51
What is initiation?
Where the radical is created by breaking the weakest bond
52
What is propagation?
Where the radical used is then regenerated and it always consists of two steps
53
What is termination?
Where the radicals are removed and multiple reactions can happen
54
What is an alkene?
A hydrocarbon chain which is unsaturated so containing at least one double carbon to carbon bond
55
What kind of bonds are the ones between C and H in alkenes?
Sigma bonds
56
Describe the double carbon to carbon bond in an alkene
- contains two sections involving the overlap of e- clouds - a sigma bond forms using the direct overlap of the e- clouds - The pi bonds form by the e- in the adjacent P orbitals overlapping above and below the C atoms
57
What does the Pi bond do?
It holds the atoms in position by restricting rotatiom
58
Is the Pi bond reactive?
Yes as it has a high electron density
59
What is a stereoisomer?
Compounds that have the same structural formula but different arrangements of atons in space
60
What is a cis-trans isomer?
A type of E/Z isomerism in which two substituent groups attached to each atom in the carbon carbon double bond are the same - each carbon either side of the double bond must be bonded to hydrogen
61
What is a cis isomer?
The H on each side of the carbon carbon double bond is on the same side
62
What is a trans isomer?
The H on each side of the carbon carbon double bond is on different sides
63
What does a higher atomic number mean with isomers?
It takes higher priority
64
What is an E isomer?
If the two attached atoms with the highest atomic numbers are on the diagonally opposite sides of the double bonds
65
What is a Z isomer?
If the two attached atoms with the highest atomic numbers are on the same side of the double bonds
66
What is hydrogenation of an alkene?
- adding H to the carbon carbon double bond - using a nickle catalyst at 150 degrees celcius
67
What is hydration of alkenes?
- adding water to alkenes to make alcohols - using phosphoric acid catalyst at 300 degrees celcius and 65 atm
68
What happens in electrophilic addition?
- positive charge on the electrophile is attracted to the electron density in the double bond
69
What is addition reaction?
A type of reaction where two molecules combine to form a large molecule (at least one molecule must be unsaturated)
70
What is addition polymerisation?
A type of polymerisation in which unsaturated monomers undergo addition reactions with themselves to form polymers
71
What is a primary carbocation?
It is a carbocation with one R group
72
What is secondary carbocation?
It is a carbocation with two R groups
73
What is a tertiary carbocation?
It is a carbocation with three R groups
74
What is the major product?
The carbocation with the most R groups surrounding it
75
What is something you need to make sure when drawing molecules?
Connectivity
76
What are the steps in electrophilic addition?
- in the small molecules the electrons move from the bond to one of the elements - in the large molecule the electrons from the double bond jump to the positive end of the dipole forming a carbocation - the electrons jumpe from the lone pair to the positive carbocation
77
What are the steps in nucleophilic substitution?
- in the carge molecule the electrons jump from the positive C to the negative element forming a carbo cation - the electrons then jump from the lone pair to the positive carbocation - this forms two new molecules

Chem Module 4 (2 decks)

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