Basic concepts of chemistry

Question 1

What do brackets indicate in a structural formula

Answer 1

The presence of hydrocarbon side chains

Question 2

What does adding ‘-yl’ mean and what is it added to

Answer 2

That there is a side chain present and it is added to the normal alkane stem

Question 3

When is the rule of listing in alphabetical order introduced

Answer 3

If there is more than one TYPE of alkyl side chain

Question 4

Prefix/ suffix of alkenes

Answer 4

-ene

Question 5

Prefix/ suffix of halogenoalkane

Answer 5

chloro-
fluoro-
iodo-
bromo-

Question 6

Prefix/ suffix of alcohol

Answer 6

-ol

Question 7

Prefix/ suffix of aldehyde

Answer 7

-al

Question 8

Prefix/ suffix of ketone

Answer 8

-one

Question 9

Prefix/ suffix of carboxylic acid

Answer 9

-oic acid

Question 10

Prefix/ suffix of ester

Answer 10

alkyl, -oate

Question 11

Prefix/ suffix of amine

Answer 11

alkyl, -amine

Question 12

Prefix/ suffix of nitrile

Answer 12

-nitrile

Question 13

What takes priority, side chains or functional groups

Answer 13

Functional groups take priority over side chains

Question 14

General formula

Answer 14

A formula that represents a homologous series of compounds using letters and numbers

Question 15

Homologous series

Answer 15

A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group, general formula and same chemical properties. Each successive member differs by CH2

Question 16

Structural formula

Answer 16

Formula that shows how the atoms are bonded to each C atom un a molecule

Question 17

Displayed formula

Answer 17

2d representation of an organic molecule showing all its atoms by its symbols and bonds

Question 18

Skeletal formula

Answer 18

Simplified displayed formula with all the C and H atoms removed, with exceptions of H when its part of a functional group

Question 19

Determining characteristic of a halogenoalkane

Answer 19

An atom bonded to either a Cl, Br, I or F atom

Question 20

Determining characteristic of an aldehyde

Answer 20

Double bond between C and O, and a single bond between a C and H

Question 21

Determining characteristic of a ketone

Answer 21

A double bond between the C and O

Question 22

Determining characteristic of a carboxylic acid

Answer 22

Double bond between a C and O, and a single bond to alcohol OH. COOH

Question 23

Determining characteristic of an ester

Answer 23

Single bond between O and C, and a double bond between O and C

Question 24

Determining characteristic of an amine

Answer 24

Bond between atom and NH2

Question 25

Determining characteristic of a nitrile

Answer 25

triple bond between C and N

Question 26

Aliphatic

Answer 26

A compound containing C and H joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic rings

Question 27

Alicyclic

Answer 27

An aliphatic compound arranged in non- aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 28

Aromatic

Answer 28

A compound containing a benzene ring

Question 29

Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol

Question 30

Unsaturated

Answer 30

Containing a minimum of one c-c bond which isn't single

Question 31

Saturated

Answer 31

Containing single C-C bonds only

Question 32

Structural isomers

Answer 32

Compounds with same molecular formula bur different structural formula

Question 33

Three types of structural isomers

Answer 33

Chain isomerism Positional isomerism Functional isomerism

Question 34

Chain isomerism

Answer 34

When compounds have the same molecular formula, but their longest hydrocarbon chain isn't the same

Question 35

What is chain isomerism caused by

Answer 35

Branching

Question 36

Positional isomerism

Answer 36

Arises from differences in the position of a functional group on each isomer

Question 37

Functional isomerism

Answer 37

When different functional groups result in the same molecular formula

Question 38

How do the chemical properties in functional isomerism differ

Answer 38

Very different chemical properties became they have different functional groups

Question 39

Two types of bond fission

Answer 39

Homolytic and heterolytic fission

Question 40

Homolytic fission

Answer 40

Breaking a covalent bond in such a way that each atom takes an electron from the bond to form two radicals

Question 41

Heterolytic fission

Answer 41

Breaking a covalent bond so that the more electronegative atom takes both the electrons from the bond to form a negative and positive ion

Question 42

Radical

Answer 42

A reactive chemical species with an unpaired electron

Question 43

What do curly arrows show

Answer 43

The movement of electrons.

Question 44

What do single headed arrows show

Answer 44

The movement of one electron as opposed to a pair

Question 45

When do single headed arrows occur

Answer 45

- A covalent bond undergoes homolytic fission tio form 2 radicals - Two radicals terminate and form a covalent bond in the process - A radical and covalent compound propagate

Question 46

When do double headed arrows occur

Answer 46

-A covalent bond undergoes heterolytic fission to form a positive and negative ion - A lone pair of electrons attacks a positive or partial charge centre and forms a new covalent bond

Question 47

Curly arrows are a feature of what three main types of reaction

Answer 47

addition substitution elimination

Question 48

What are addition reactions

Answer 48

Two reactants combining ton form one product

Question 49

What are substitution reactions

Answer 49

Where an atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Question 50

What are elimination reactions

Answer 50

Where a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule