basic concepts of organic chemistry chp 11

Question 1

what are the first 10 alkanes

Answer 1

Question 2

what are aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 2

carbon atoms are joined to each other to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 3

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 3

carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches

Question 4

what is an aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 4

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 5

what is the molecular fromula

Answer 5

the molecular formula shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Question 6

what is empirical fromula

Answer 6

the empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound.

Question 7

what are the limitations of empirical formula

Answer 7

it can not give us the exact identity of a compound

Question 8

what is the general formula

Answer 8

the general formula is the simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous family

Question 9

what are the general formulas of:
- alkane
- alkene
- alcohol
- carboxylic acid
- ketone
- aldehyde

Answer 9

alkane= CnH2n+2
alkene= CnH2n
alcohol= CnH2n+1 OH
carboxylic acid= Cn H2n+1 COOH
Ketone= CnH2n O
Aldehyde= CnH2n+1 CHO

Question 10

what can the displayed formula show us

Answer 10

a displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 11

what can the structual formula tell us

Answer 11

the structural formula uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule, it shows clearly which groups are bonded together

Question 12

what can the skeletal formula tell us

Answer 12

A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula (you remove)
-all of the carbon and hydrogen labels from carbon chains
-any bonds to hydrogen atoms
This leaves just a carbon skeleton and any functional groups
In a skeletal formulae:
-a line represents a single bond
-an intersection of 2 lines represents a carbon atom
-the end of a line represents a -CH3 group

Question 13

what are structural isomers

Answer 13

structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 14

what is homolytic fission

Answer 14

• each atom involved in bond takes 1 electron from paired electrons and so now has 1 unpaired electron
• atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron is called a radical

Question 15

what is heterolytic fission

Answer 15

When a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission, 1 of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
-The atom that takes both electrons becomes an anion
-the atom that does not take the electrons becomes a cation

Question 16

what does a reaction mechanism tell us

Answer 16

it provides information about how the reaction takes place

Question 17

what do curly arrows represent

Answer 17

curly arrows are used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made

Question 18

what is an addition reaction

Answer 18

in an addition reaction, 2 reactants join together to form 1 product

Question 19

what is a substitution reaction

Answer 19

In a substitution reaction, an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

Question 20

what is an elimination reaction

Answer 20

• the removal of a small molecule from a larger one,
• 1 reactant molecule forms 2 products