Basic Didactic Flashcards by E M

What are the 3 National Patient Safety Goals?

Identify patients correctly (using 2 ways i.e. name & DOB)
Improve staff communication
Prevent infection

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What are the 3 regulating agencies for safety

OSHA
CDC
NFPA

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What does OSHA stand for?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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What are the OSHA standards required of all healthcare facilities?

hand hygiene
hazardous waste disposal
engineering controls (safety devices)
annual employee safety training
blood borne pathogens training

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What does the CDC stand for?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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What does the CDC do?

It is a federal agency responsible for identifying, monitoring, and reporting diseases capable of becoming epidemic

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What does CLSI stand for?

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

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What does CLSI do?

promotes the development and use of guidelines and standards within the healthcare industry

formerly known as NCCLS

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Define CLIA88 (or CLIA)

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
federal law that regulates clinical laboratory testing

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What does NFPA stand for?

National Fire Protection Agency

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Define MSDS (or SDS)

Material Safety Data Sheet

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What is the purpose of a MSDS (or SDS)?

mandated by OSHA
has information on how to safely handle each chemical (how to contain and clean a spill)

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Define HazCom (“right to know law”)

labeling must have warning statements, precautions and first aid measures

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Identify the 4 colors of an NFPA rating/label diamond.
Red
Blue Yellow
White

Red: Fire hazard
Yellow: Reactivity (instability/risk of explosion)
White: Specific Hazard
Blue: Health hazard

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Define medical asepsis

sterilization of equipment/surfaces
NOT PEOPLE

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What is the scientific name for Bleach?

Sodium hypochlorite

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What is the ratio for diluting bleach for disinfectant?

1:9
10% bleach 90% water

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How long can you keep a disinfecting bleach solution?

only 24 hours, must make fresh

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Should you wear PPE for a biohazard clean up? What is the minimum PPE you can use?

Yes
gloves

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What is the most important step when cleaning up a spill?

Focus on absorbing the spill and keeping it from spreading

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What are the 2 guidelines on Standard precautions?

treat all patients as potentially infectious
treat all blood/body fluids, and unattached non-intact tissue as potentially infectious

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What is the minimum PPE when considering Standard precautions? And an important step when dealing with patient contact?

Gloves and handwashing

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Define the purpose of an Infection Control Plan

to prevent spread of infection within healthcare facilities

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When should you use Standard precautions?

At ALL times with ALL patients whenever body fluid contact is anticipated

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How many times should you wash your hands when dealing with a patient? When should you wash hands?

Twice, before & after each patient contact

What is an engineering control?

A device or system designed to promote safety

What is a good rule to best use the *needle safety device*?

activate immediately upon removal from venipuncture site/person

Describe the proper use of a sharps container

All sharps must be discarded into a sharps container Must only be filled 3/4s worth, locked and placed in biohazard box never reused, not placed in bag, never shake container

Describe the qualities of a good sharps container

It is puncture resistant, tamper proof, & spill proof

What should you do as soon as a needle leaves a patient?

1. Lock needle 2. Discard into sharps

What is a syringe transfer device?

An engineering control to allow safe transfer of blood from syringe to test tube

How to use a syringe transfer device?

1. syringe needle locked, removed & discarded into sharps 2. transfer device is attached to the syringe (to allow transfer to tube) 3. after use, *syringe with transfer device* is discarded into sharps

What is the purpose of PPE?

it protects against possible exposure

List examples of PPE

mask, **gloves**, goggles, face shield, gown

What is special about a N95 Face mask/respirator?

designed for seal around nose & mouth must be personally fit tested (the right size)

Order for don/doffing PPE

ON : gown, mask, gloves OFF : gloves, gown, (wash hands) mask

What are 2 things you should remember about using **gloves**?

minimum required PPE under standard precautions ask patient about potential anaphylaxis/latex allergy

What is another word for HAI, Hospital Associated Infection?

Nosocomial Infection

List 3 examples of a nosocomial/HAI pathogen

MRSA, C. diff., UTI

What is the most common HAI

UTI

What does HAI stand for?

Hospital Associated Infection

List the 6 links in the chain of infection

1. infectious agent 2. reservoir/source 3. exit pathway (portal of exit) 4. means of transmission 5. entry pathway (portal of entry) 6. susceptible host

What is the purpose to break the chain of infection?

to prevent further spread of infection

According to the CDC, what is the most important method to prevent the spread of infections?

hand washing **before & after each patient**

What is the proper technique for handwashing? (NCCT Exam)

wash hands in a downward motion for at least 15 seconds (current: 20 seconds)

What minimum PPE is required for Droplet Precautions?

face mask

What are example pathogens for Droplet Precautions?

Flu, RSV, SARS, meningitis, pertussis

What is the minimum PPE for Airborne precautions?

N95 mask/respirator

What are example pathogens for Airborne Precautions?

TB (tuberculosis), measles, chickenpox (varicella), mumps, adenovirus (cold)

What is the minimum PPE for Contact Precautions?

gown & gloves

What are example pathogens for Contact precautions?

C. diff., rotavirus, Herpes simplex, scabies, antibiotic resistant infections

How many body systems are there?

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

transportation

What type of system is the vascular system?

It is a closed system

What direction does blood flow in the arteries?

Blood flows AWAY from the heart

What type of blood is in the arteries?

oxygenated blood

What are the smallest arteries called?

arterioles

List the qualities unique to an artery

thick walls, high pressure, and a pulse

What direction does blood flow in the veins?

blood flows back to the heart

What are the smallest veins called?

venules

What type of blood is carried in the veins?

deoxygenated blood

List the qualities of veins

thin walls (CAN COLLAPSE), has valves to prevent backflow

What are the *smallest blood vessels*?

capillaries

How small are capillaries?

microscopic (blood cells go single file)

What type of blood is found in a capillary?

a *mixture* of arterial & venous blood

What is special about the form of a capillary?

Has a thin wall that allows gas exchange

What does ACF stand for?

antecubital fossa

Where does routine blood draw **(venipuncture)** occur?

ACF, antecubital fossa

Why is the ACF the best choice for venipuncture?

veins are located close to skin surface, veins are “anchored” by connective tissue

What are the 3 major veins in the ACF?

Median cubital vein, Cephalic vein, Basilic vein

What are the special qualities of the median cubital vein?

first vein of choice, safest vein to puncture

What is a key quality for a cephalic vein?

second choice, prone to rolling

What is the position of the cephalic vein when looking from above?

outer to thumb side

What is a key quality of the basilic vein?

third choice, least safe to puncture (above brachial artery, & next to median nerve)

What is the location of the basilic vein when viewing from above? (palm up)

inner pinky side

Where are *capillary punctures* performed on *adults & older children*?

**finger sticks**

Where are *capillary punctures* performed on *infants 6 months of age*? (or less)

**heel stick**

What makes up blood composition?

Plasma & formed elements

What is plasma?

liquid portion of blood, contains *fibrinogen*

What percentage of blood is plasma?

55%

What are formed elements?

solid portion of blood: RBCs, WBCs, platelets

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

45%

What is the scientific name for RBCs?

erythrocytes

What is the lifespan of RBCs?

120 days

What helps RBCs transport Oxygen in the body tissues?

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

What is the scientific name of WBCs?

leukocytes

What is the purpose of leukocytes?

protects the body against infectious disease & foreign invaders

How many types of WBCs are there?

List the 5 types of WBCs

1. Lymphocyte 2. monocyte 3. neutrophil 4. basophil 5. eosinophil

What is the scientific name for platelets?

thrombocytes

What is the lifespan of thrombocytes?

10 days

What is the importance of platelets?

essential to coagulation stops bleeding of injured blood vessels

Describe clotting

where blood turns from fluid into solid

What are the medical terms of clotting?

hemostasis, coagulation, thrombosis

What are the **2** definitions of hemostasis

1. natural state of blood vessels 2. process of body which stops leakage of blood

What are the 4 stages of hemostasis (in order)?

1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation 3. fibrin clot formation 4. fibrinolysis

Describe vasoconstriction (what step is this in thrombosis)

First step when blood vessel damages, vessel constricts to lessen amount of blood leakage

Describe platelet plug formation (what step is this in coagulation)

Second step platelets form literal plug around site of leakage

If the damage to a blood vessel is small/minor, platelet plug formation…

is enough to stop bleeding

Describe fibrin clot formation (what step in hemostasis) IMPORTANT STEP

Third step fibrinogen turns into fibrin causes all blood cells to be trapped in a solid blood clot —> stops bleeding

Describe fibrinolysis (what step in hemostasis)

Fourth step clot is no longer needed —> broken down dissolves blood clot *plasminogen turns to plasmin that breaks down fibrin into small fragments*

What is the most important step in thrombosis?

fibrin clot formation, third step

What is a key quality of clotted blood?

no longer contains any fibrinogen

What are the 2 parts of clotted blood

serum & blood clot

Basic Didactic Flashcards

(104 cards)