Basic Exercise Science (Chap 2)

Question 1

the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Answer 1

kinetic chain

Question 2

The equation for movement

Answer 2

Nervous System + Skeletal System + Muscular System = Kinetic Chain

Question 3

the communication network within the body

Answer 3

Nervous System

Question 4

the three primary functions of the nervous system

Answer 4

Sensory function
integrative function
motor functions

Question 5

the ability of the nervous system to change in either the internal (stretch placed on muscle) or external environment (walking on sand)

Answer 5

sensory function

Question 6

the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

Answer 6

Integrative Function

Question 7

The neuro-muscular response to the sensory information

Answer 7

Motor function

Question 8

Three main parts of the neuron

Answer 8

cell body
axon
dendrites

Question 9

the function unit of the nervous system

Answer 9

neuron

Question 10

a cylindrical projection from the cell body of the neuron that provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body (effector sites)

Answer 10

axon

Question 11

the part of the neuron responsible for gathering information from other structures back into the neuron

Answer 11

dendrites

Question 12

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector site to the brain or spinal cord

Answer 12

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 13

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 13

Interneurons

Question 14

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Answer 14

Motor (efferent) neurons

Question 15

Two divisions of the nervous system

Answer 15

Central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 16

the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 16

Central nervous system

Question 17

12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves spread throughout the body

Answer 17

Peripheral nervous system

Question 18

4 major categories for sensory receptors

Answer 18

mechanoreceptors - mechanical forces
chemoreceptors - chemical interactions
photoreceptors - light
nociceptors - pain

Question 19

3 different kinds of mechanoreceptors

Answer 19

Muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
joint receptors

Question 20

Receptor sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Answer 20

Muscle spindle

Question 21

Receptor sensitive to the change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

Answer 21

Golgi Tendon Organs

Question 22

When excited, the golgi tendon causes the muscle to __ to prevent the muscle from ____

Answer 22

relax, experiencing excess stress

Question 23

When excited, the muscle spindle causes the muscle to __ to prevent the muscle from

Answer 23

contract, over stretching

Question 24

Where are muscle spindles located?

Answer 24

parallel to the muscle fibers

Question 25

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

Answer 25

musculotendinous junction (point where the muscle and tendon meet)

Question 26

Where are joint receptors located?

Answer 26

in and around the joint capsule

Question 27

Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint

Answer 27

Joint Receptors

Question 28

the body's framework, composed of bones and joints

Answer 28

Skeletal System

Question 29

provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

Answer 29

bones

Question 30

sites where movement occur as a result of muscle contraction

Answer 30

joints

Question 31

the movable junction where two or more bones meet

Answer 31

joint

Question 32

Have you memorized the bones in the skeletal system?

Answer 32

Figure 2.8 (pg 21)

Question 33

Skeletal system is divided into these two divisions

Answer 33

axial and appendicular skeletal system

Question 34

portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column

Answer 34

Axial skeleton

Question 35

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

Answer 35

about 80 bones

Question 36

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extrememites

Answer 36

Appendicular skeleton

Question 37

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 37

about 126 bones

Question 38

How many bones in the skeletal system?

Answer 38

about 206 bones

Question 39

How many joints do the bones in the body form?

Answer 39

about 300

Question 40

Flattened or indented portion of the bone, which can be a muscle attachment site

Answer 40

Depression

Question 41

List two examples of depressions

Answer 41

fossa, suclus, (and any others that come to mind)

Question 42

Projections protruding from the bones where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

Answer 42

Process

Question 43

List four examples of processes?

Answer 43

Condyles Epicondyles Tubercles Trochanters

Question 44

A process located at the top of the femur that serve as attachment sites for the hip musculature

Answer 44

Trochanter (commonly called hipbone)

Question 45

A process located at the top of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint that serve as attachment sites for the shoulder musculature

Answer 45

tubercle

Question 46

A process located on the inner and outer portion at the bottom of the femur and top of the tibia to form the knee joing

Answer 46

Condyle

Question 47

A process located on the inner and outer portion of the humerus to help for the elbow joint

Answer 47

Epicondyle

Question 48

joint motion (roll, slide, and spin)

Answer 48

arthrokinematics

Question 49

These type of joints are MOST associated with the body (80% of the joints in the body) and have the greatest capacity for motion

Answer 49

Synovial joints

Question 50

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments

Answer 50

Synovial joints

Question 51

List the various types of synovial joints

Answer 51

``` Gliding Condyloid Hinge Saddle Pivot Ball-and-socket ```

Question 52

A nonaxial joint that simply moves back and forth or side to side

Answer 52

Gliding (plane) joint

Question 53

This joint has movement that predominantly occurs in one plane (flexion and extension in the sagittal plane) with minimal movement in the others

Answer 53

Condyloid joints

Question 54

A uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in only one plane of motion, the sagittal plane (i.e elbow, ankles)

Answer 54

Hinge joints

Question 55

The most mobile joints that allow movement in all three planes (i.e shoulder and hip)

Answer 55

Ball-and-socket joints

Question 56

joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; they exhibit little to no movement

Answer 56

Nonsynovial joints

Question 57

Primary connective tissue that connections bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system

Answer 57

ligament

Question 58

Ligaments are primarily made up of this protein

Answer 58

Collagen

Question 59

Ligaments are secondarily consist of varying amounts of this protein

Answer 59

Elastin

Question 60

Ligaments do not heal or repair very well and are slow to adapt due to this characterization

Answer 60

Poor vascularity (blood supply)

Question 61

Connective tissues that attach muscles to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

Answer 61

tendon

Question 62

Tendons also do not repair very well due to this condition

Answer 62

poor vacularity

Question 63

Two types of myofilaments

Answer 63

actin (thin filaments) | myosin (thick filaments)

Question 64

the functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

Answer 64

Sarcomere

Question 65

List the different methods muscles can generate force

Answer 65

Neural activation Sliding Filament Theory Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Question 66

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation (communication between nervous and muscular system)

Answer 66

Neural activation

Question 67

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (connects with)

Answer 67

Motor unit

Question 68

small gap between the muscle fiber and the nerve

Answer 68

synapse

Question 69

chemicals that serve as messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from he nerve to the muscle

Answer 69

Neurotransmitter

Question 70

the proposed process of how the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere take place after a muscle has been given the order to contract via neural activation

Answer 70

Sliding Filament Theory

Question 71

These muscle fibers contain a higher number of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin which allows for improved delivery of oxygen (often referred to as red fibers)

Answer 71

Type I (slow twitch)

Question 72

These muscle fibers generally contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin (often referred to as white fibers)

Answer 72

Type II (fast twitch)

Question 73

These muscle fibers are large in size and are important for movements requiring force and power

Answer 73

Type II (fast twitch)

Question 74

The muscle that functions as the prime mover, responsible for a particular motion

Answer 74

Agonist

Question 75

The muscle that assists the prime mover during the movement

Answer 75

Synergist

Question 76

The muscle that supports the the body while the prime movers and synergist perform the movement patter

Answer 76

Stabilizer

Question 77

The muscle that performs the opposite action of the prime mover

Answer 77

Antagonist