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CEP > Basic Functions of the Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Basic Functions of the Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What causes adrenal insufficiency?

A
  • Glucocorticoid deficiency
  • Mineralocorticoid deficiency
  • Adrenal androgen deficiency
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2
Q

Can corticosteroids pass through membranes?

A

Yes, they are lipid soluble

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3
Q

What causes Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess glucocorticoid

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4
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on brain/CNS

A
  • Depression
  • Psychosis
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5
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on eyes

A

Glaucoma

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6
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on pituitary

A
  • Decreased LH/FSH release
  • Decreased TSH release
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7
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on GIT

A

Peptic ulcerations

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8
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on carb/lipid metabolism

A
  • Hepatic glycogen deposition
  • Peripheral insulin resistance
  • Gluconeogenesis, diabetes
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9
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on adipose tissue distribution

A

Promotes visceral obesity

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10
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on cardiovascular/renal

A
  • Salt and water retention
  • Hypertension
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11
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on skin/muscle/connective tissue

A
  • Protein catabolism/collagen breakdown
  • Skin thinning
  • Muscular atrophy
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12
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on bone and calcium metabolism

A
  • Decreased bone formation
  • Decreased bone mass, osteoporosis
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13
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on growth and development

A

Decreased linear growth

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14
Q

Effect(s) of excess glucocorticoid on immune system

A
  • Anti-inflammatory action
  • Immunosuppression
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15
Q

What percentage of glucocorticoids in circulation are bioavailable?

A

5%

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16
Q

What are glucocorticoids bound to in circulation (and what percentage bound to each)?

A
  • Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) (90%)
  • Albumin (5%)
17
Q

What happens to CBG levels with inflammation?

A

They decrease (so more glucocorticoid bioavailable)

18
Q

What system regulates glucocorticoid synthesis?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

19
Q

Sequence of the HPA axis

A
  • Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Anterior pituitary releases adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
20
Q

What factors cause stress?

A
  • Infection
  • Trauma
  • Haemorrhage
  • Medical illness
  • Psychological
  • Exercise/exhaustion
21
Q

What are the main mineralocorticoids?

A
  • Aldosterone
  • DOC
22
Q

What are mineralocorticoids critical to?

A

Salt and water balance in:
- Kidney
- Colon
- Pancreas
- Salivary glands
- Sweat glands

23
Q

Why does cortisol need to be deactivated for aldosterone binding?

A
  • The 2 bind the same receptor
  • Cortisol has a much higher concentration so will swamp aldosterone
24
Q

What is the deactivated form of cortisol and what enzyme converts it to that?

A
  • Cortisone
  • Enzyme = 11β-hydroxysteroid
25
Q

What is the most abundant adrenal steroid?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

26
Q

What are the main sources of androgens in men and women?

A
  • Men = testicles
  • Women = adrenal glands
27
Q

What regulates adrenal androgen production?

A

ACTH

28
Q

What is the main site of catecholamine synthesis?

A

Adrenal medulla

29
Q

Percentages of different catecholamine productions

A
  • Adrenaline = 80%
  • Noradrenaline = 20%
  • Dopamine = small amounts
30
Q

What receptors do catecholamines act through?

A

Adrenergic receptors

31
Q

Action(s) of catecholamines on CNS

A

Increased alertness

32
Q

Action(s) of catecholamines on respiratory

A

Increased breathing rate

33
Q

Action(s) of catecholamines on heart

A
  • Increased contractility
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased heart rate
34
Q

Action(s) of catecholamines on adipose tissue

A

Lipolysis

35
Q

Action(s) of catecholamines on liver

A
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glucose release
36
Q

Action(s) of catecholamines on muscles

A

Gluconeogenesis

CEP (14 decks)

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