Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Population health 111 > Basic intro > Flashcards

Basic intro Flashcards

1
Q

Public Health Framework

A
  1. Define the problem
  2. Identify risk and protective factors
  3. Develop and test prevention strategies
  4. Assure widespread adoption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidemiology:

A

The study of measuring dis-ease in different populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Risk of dis-ease equation:

A

Number of cases of dis-ease
_________________________
Number of people in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Health:

A

The absence of death, disease or disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acronym for GATE Frame:

A

PECOT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PECOT:

A 
Participants
Exposure group (EG) One half of pop 
Comparison group (CG) Other section of pop
Outcomes
Time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cohort study:

A

Also called follow up study, when a group is followed over time and relevant dis-ease events are counted. Description of study usually says “observed”. Results in a death rate e.g. deaths out of 1000 people per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EGO and CGO:

A

Exposure group outcome

Comparison group outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EGO=

A

A/Exposure group (deaths in EG/population of EG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CGO=

A

B/Comparison group (deaths in CG/population of CG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Arrow to the right =

A

Incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

EGO and CGO are called an incidence measure of occurrence when:

A

Dis-ease events are counted as they occur over a period of time. e.g. km per hour - must include time in the equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

EGO and CGO are called a prevalence measure of occurrence when:

A

People with dis-ease are counted at one point in time. eg: if a car had travelled 200,000km when we checked today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If you want to know how fast a car can go you measure:

A

Incidence (km per hour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If you want to measure how worn out a car is you measure:

A

Prevalence (mileage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arrow straight down =

A

Prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which measure of occurrence gives more data and why?

A

Incidence because it is only determined by the dis-ease risk in a population and because it measures events, population and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If it difficult to measure when a dis-ease event occurs or it occurs frequently, it is measured IF (yes/no) it has occurred over a period of time, this is a measure of:

A

Period Prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Obesity, asthma attacks and diabetes are measured using _____

A

Period Prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cross sectional study:

A

Measuring everything at the same time

EG measuring alcohol consumption and drug consumption at the same time and studying the relationship between the 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Relative Risk=

A

EGO/CGO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Relative risk doesn’t have:

A

Units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In what studies is a cohort study often inaccurate:

A

Diet/disease/drug alcohol use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is death always measured and why:

A

Death is always a measure of incidence as it happens over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ecological study:

A

Comparing averages of whole countries rather than individuals
(e.g. NZ vs AUS rather than NZ men vs NZ women aged 30-50)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

RCT stands for:

A

Randomised controlled trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a randomised controlled trial?

A

Similar to a cohort study except participants are randomly allocated to EG and CG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Can you measure prevalence within a cohort study?

A

Yes, you can stop EG after a year of following EG and CG and taking a measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the benefits of RCT?

A

You have an equal chance of being in EG and CG so the outcome can only be due to the outcome of the exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Double blind:

A

Neither the participants nor the investigators know which intervention was given to which participant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Singe blind:

A

Only the participants are unaware of which intervention was given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In what situation is RCT the best type of study?

A

When answering questions about the effect of a treatment if it is both ethical and practical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Risk Difference:

A

Risk of one group - the risk of the other group (EGO-CGO or CGO-EGO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If the risk of 1 group is 30/100 and the risk of the treatment group is 20/100 what is the effect of treatment?

A

10 per 100, reduction in the amount of disease, or the benefit of giving 100 people the treatment is 10 more people not dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If EGO=CGO what is the risk difference?

A

0 - those given the treatment had the same outcome of those without the treatment, there is no difference in the risk of death whether treated or not treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Risk ratio: (relative risk)

A

EGO/CGO or CGO/EGO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

If the relative risk is 2/3, what is the risk reduced by?

A

1/3

For example if RR of disease without treatment is 0.66, the risk of t disease is 33% lower in that have been treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

If EGO=CGO what is the risk ratio (or relative risk)?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

If you are told you can reduce the risk by 50% what do you need to ask yourself?

A

Are they subtracting one risk from the other or dividing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How do you all the difference between relative risk and risk difference?

A

Risk difference has units (deaths/population/time) while relative risk has no units (due to cancelling out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Other name for risk difference?

A

absolute risk difference

42
Q

Other name for relative risk?

A

RELATIVE risk difference

43
Q

If the risk of dis-ease is 0 what is the benefit of treatment?

A

There is no benefit because 0/30 is still 0

44
Q

When an error occurs by chance what is it called?

A

Random error

45
Q

What is it called if an error occurs because of poor study design, poor study processes?

A

Non random error (bias)

46
Q

What causes a study to be considered a valid study?

A

A small amount of random or non random errors

47
Q

If people are allocated by measurement to EC and CG what study type is it?

A

Cross sectional

48
Q

When the exposure measured in a group (e.g. high solvent use) is also associated with another factor (e.g. high alcohol consumption) what is this called and what is the result?

A

Confounding, which causes a higher death rate and therefore inaccurate results

49
Q

What is the solution to the mixing of factors within an EG or CG (confounding)?

A

Adjustment through the dividing of the study into sub studies = sub EG and CG to compare the relationship between the test subject and external factors

50
Q

_____ is the best way to reduce confounding?

A

Randomised Allocation (RCT) as EG and CG will be very similar

51
Q

Why does a cross sectional study require no maintenance and therefore is not effected by confounding?

A

Exposure and outcome are measured at the same time=no follow up to be maintained

52
Q

Is asking the severity of an asthma attack an objective measurement?

A

Objective as the severity depends on what the person considers as severe

53
Q

Is asking if someone has has an asthma attack an objective measurement?

A

No - you either have an asthma attack or not, it is not considering severity

54
Q

What should you expect when you repeat a study in which you got extreme results? And what is this concept called?

A

Less extreme results - regression to the mean

55
Q

Differences of results from similar studies are called ____ _____

A

Random differences ( because they happen randomly or by chance)

56
Q

Only studying a sample of the population results in:

A

Random errors that cannot be avoided as you cannot study the whole population

57
Q

Random error is measured though the:

A

95% confidence interval

58
Q

The smaller the sample, the _____ the chance of random sampling errors

A

Greater

59
Q

If you did 100 identical studies using samples from the same population, how many of the 95% confidence intervals will include the true value for the population that the studies were sampled from?

A

95/100 of the 95% confidence intervals

60
Q

The range of results likely to include the true result in a whole population is determined through the:

A

95% confidence interval

61
Q

Wider confidence intervals = _____ uncertainty

A

Greater

62
Q

If the confidence intervals of EGO and CGO _____ they are considered statistically different from each other

A

Don’t overlap

63
Q

If the risk difference (EGO-CGO) is statistically different from 0 OR
The relative risk difference (EGO/CGO) is statistically different from 1….

A

EGO will be statistically different from CGO

64
Q

If the 95% confidence intervals for EGO and CGO do overlap…

A

There is an apparent difference that could be due to random error in the measurements

65
Q

Random sampling errors can be reduced by:

A

Doing a bigger study

66
Q

Small confidence interval/larger study = ____ uncertainty

A

Less

67
Q

Large confidence interval/smaller study = ____ uncertainty

A

More

68
Q

Combining studies = ____ relative risk/confidence interval

A

Less relative risk/smaller confidence interval

69
Q

You would be unable to determine if EGO is different from CGO if:

A

There is a large overlap of the 95% confidence intervals of EGO and CGO

70
Q

The risk difference and relative risk difference will cross the ‘no effect’ line if:

A

There is a large overlap of the 95% confidence intervals of EGO and CGO

71
Q

‘There is too much random error to determine if there is a real difference between EGO and CGO’ when:

A

The risk difference and relative risk difference cross the ‘no effect’ line

72
Q

The results of study will be statistically different when:

A

The confidence intervals for risk difference and relative risk difference do not cross the ‘no effect’ line

73
Q

The upper 95% confidence interval touches the ‘no effect’ line, meaning that the result of the study is:

A

Borderline statistically significant

74
Q

If a clinician would make the same decision whether the true result was at one end of the confidence interval or the other the results are both statistically and ______ significant

A

Clinically

75
Q

A study in which participants are allocated to EG and CG by the investigators is an ______ study

A

Experimental

76
Q

Most experimental studies are:

A

Randomised controlled trials

77
Q

When participants are allocated to EG and CG by measurement it is an ______ study

A

Observational

78
Q

Participants can be allocated to EG and CG by measurement or the investigators in a ______ study

A

Cohort

79
Q

In a ______ study, participants can only be allocated into EG and CG and by measurement, outcomes can be measured ay the same time and prevalence can be measured.

A

Cross sectional

80
Q

Incidence can not be measure in a ______ study because there is no opportunity to measure events over a period of time.

A

Cross sectional

81
Q

The main measure of disease in a cohort study is _____

A

Incidence

82
Q

The most common cause of bias in _____ are poor allocation processes and poor maintenance

A

Randomised Controlled Trials

83
Q

All _____ studies are observational

A

Cross sectional

84
Q

The main goal of a survey is the measure the ______ of something within a defined population

A

Prevalence

85
Q

In a study of the prevalence of asthma among smoking and non smoking UoA students at the time of a POPLHLTH lecture, the outcome would be ______

A

Asthma

86
Q

The prevalence or incidence of dis-ease in the same population over a number of years is an _______ study

A

Ecological

87
Q

______ studies are very prone to confounding because there are usually many other difference between populations that may influence the study outcome

A

Ecological

88
Q

A study that involves searching for and then recruiting a group of studies addressing the same question is a _____

A

Systematic review

89
Q

If recruited studies have a low level of bias and have reasonably similar findings they can be combined using _____

A

Meta-Analysis

90
Q

Excess risk is measured using _____

A

Risk difference (EGO-CGO)

91
Q

The excess risk of dis-ease is ‘x’ over group over period, is the layout for the measuring of ______

A

Risk difference (EGO-CGO)

92
Q

_____ as a measure of risk is expressed as a fraction of the group over time, not a percentage

A

Risk difference (EGO-CGO)

93
Q

_____ is always measured as a percentage

A

Relative risk ratio (EGO/CGO)

94
Q

______ explains the strength of association between dis-ease and outcome

A

Relative risk ratio (EGO/CGO)

95
Q

40/48 = 83% is a measure of _____ because there is no time period

A

Prevalence

96
Q

Measurement of migraines is self reported and therefore not objective (true/false) because you cannot be randomly allocated into groups when measuring dis-ease

A

True

97
Q

Vertical arrow =

A

Incidence

98
Q 
The proportion of people that have a condition at some time within a given period, and includes those who have the condition when it starts. People are not followed for a year but are asked about the last year.
EG severe (2-3) asthma attacks in a 1 year period
A

Period prevalence

99
Q

Measuring what happens in an instant, measuring who has dis-ease at a specific point in time
What happens in an instant (photograph)

A

Point prevalence

100
Q

What type of recruitment error is it when the participants recruited are not representative of the eligible population that refuse to take part?

A

External validity error

101
Q

What is a key requirement of an epidemiological study?

A

The dis-ease outcomes (Numerator) must come from a defined population (Denominator)

102
Q

When participants are divided into separate strata and are analysed as separate studies to reduce confounding is called _______

A

Stratified analysis

Population health 111 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions