Basic metabolism

Question 1

What are the two systems in a metabolic pathway

Answer 1

Biosynthesis

Degredation

Question 2

What is flux

Answer 2

Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway’s activity under different conditions.

Question 3

What are short term ways to control flux

Answer 3

Allosteric control (changing enzyme structure by binding)

Question 4

What are long term ways to control flux

Answer 4

• Covalent modification
• Substrate cycles
• Genetic control

Question 5

How is there covalent modification

Answer 5

BY phosphatase and kinases

Question 6

How is there control using substrate cycles

Answer 6

Vary rates of two opposing non-equilibrium reactions

Question 7

How is there control using genetic control

Answer 7

Affects rate of transcription

Question 8

What is flux determined by

Answer 8

Rate determining step

Question 9

What does the slowest step have

Answer 9

The most negative deltaG

Question 10

What do proteins get hydrolyses into

Answer 10

amino acids

Question 11

What do polysaccharides get hydrolysed into

Answer 11

Monosaccharides

Question 12

What do lipids get hydrolyses into

Answer 12

Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 13

What do amino acids, monosaccharides and glycerol and fatty acids combine to form

Answer 13

Acetyl CoA

Question 14

Which cycle does Acetyl CoA go into

Answer 14

citric acid cycle

Question 15

What are the by products of the citric acid cycle

Answer 15

Co2 and ATP

Question 16

For the digestion of starch, what happens in the mouth

Answer 16

alpha amylase turns carbohydrates to oligosaccharides

Question 17

For the digestion of starch, what happens in the stomach

Answer 17

Low pH stops the action of amylase

Question 18

For digestion of starch, what happens in the small intestine

Answer 18

Pancreas releases amylase into small intestine and there’s further digestion

Question 19

For digestion of carbs, what happens when in contact with mucosal cells

Answer 19

Membrane bound dissacharidases like isomaltase, maltase and lactase turn disaccharides into monosaccharides

Question 20

Where do the monosaccharides go to after being in contact with the mucosal cells

Answer 20

Liver

Question 21

What monosaccharides go to liver

Answer 21

Glucose, fracture and galactose

Question 22

What gets excreted when going to the liver

Answer 22

Cellulose

Question 23

How does glucose move into cells

Answer 23

• facilitated diffusion

- ATP dependent Na+ monosaccharide transport

Question 24

What does glucose exist as

Answer 24

D and L enantiomers

Question 25

When does glucose form pyranase (ring)

Answer 25

IN a solution

Question 26

What are the two stages of glycolysis

Answer 26

- Energy investment phase | - Energy generation phase

Question 27

What happens in the glycolytic reaction no.1

Answer 27

Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose so it doesn't move out of cells and produces glucose-6 phosphate

Question 28

What does hexokinase do

Answer 28

Phosphorylates and produces Glucose 6-phosphate

Question 29

What happens in the glycolytic reaction no.2

Answer 29

glucose 6 phosphate is turned into fructose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 30

What turns glucose 6 phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate

Answer 30

phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 31

What happens in the glycolytic reaction no.3

Answer 31

Fructose 6-phosphate turns into fructose 1,6 biphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase

Question 32

What is the enzyme used to turn fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 biphosphate

Answer 32

Phosphofructokinase

Question 33

What is added to fructose 6 phosphate to turn it into fructose 1,6 biphosphate and what are the products

Answer 33

ATP added | ADP and H+ are products

Question 34

Which reaction of glycolysis is irreversible and the rate limiting step and the most important control point

Answer 34

Turning fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 biphosphate

Question 35

What does a high conc of ATP do to the third reaction of glycolysis

Answer 35

INhibition

Question 36

What does a high conc of AMP do to the third reaction of glycolysis

Answer 36

Inhibition

Question 37

What also inhibits phosphorylation in the third reaction of glycolysis

Answer 37

Citrate

Question 38

What does phosphorylation require

Answer 38

ATP

Question 39

What is the fourth reaction of glycolysis called and what is produced

Answer 39

Cleavage - 2x GAP - 2x DHAP both have one phosphate

Question 40

What is the fifth reaction in glycolysis

Answer 40

Redox | -GAP is turned into BPG

Question 41

What are the reactants of the fifth reaction glycolysis

Answer 41

add: - NAD+ - Pi exit: - H+ - NADH

Question 42

What is the sixth reaction of glycolysis

Answer 42

Synthesis | -BPG is turned into 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP is taken out

Question 43

What is the seventh reaction of glycolysis

Answer 43

3-phosphoglycerate turned into 2-phosphoglycerate

Question 44

What is the eighth reaction of glycolysis

Answer 44

2-phosphoglycerate turned into phosphoenolpyruvate via the enzyme enolase -water is taken out

Question 45

What enzyme is used in the 8th reaction of glycolysis

Answer 45

enolase

Question 46

What is the final step of glycolysis

Answer 46

PHosphoenolpyruvate turned into pyruvate with the removal of ATP (sub-level phosphorylation)

Question 47

what is the ATP yield in anaerobic respiration

Answer 47

+2ATP

Question 48

What is the ATP yield in aerobic respiration

Answer 48

6ATP (includes the additional ATP from the oxidation of 2NADH)

Question 49

in anaerobic respiration conditions, what cannot be oxidized

Answer 49

Respiratory chain cannot oxides NADH to regenerate NAD+

Question 50

What will glycolysis do

Answer 50

Converts NAD+ to NADH but NAD+ is needed for glycolysis to continue

Question 51

What is the yield of water

Answer 51

2xH2O

Question 52

what is the yield of NADH in glycolysis

Answer 52

2xNADH