Basic Nutrition 8-11 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
_____ is secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are too low.
A
Parathyroid hormone
2
Q
Which option best describes folate?
A
Folate is the naturally occurring form in foods
3
Q
Water acts as a(n) _____, in which other water-soluble substances can dissolve.
A
solvent
4
Q
What is a sign or symptom of ariboflavinosis?
A
muscle weakness
4
Q
The fruit group is a good source of which fat-soluble vitamin?
A
Vitamin A precursors
5
Q
_____ is the vitamin D deficiency disease that occurs in children and can cause bowed legs.
A
rickets
6
Q
Select reasons water-soluble vitamins are generally not as toxic as fat-soluble vitamins.
A
Water-soluble vitamins are generally only stored in limited amounts
Excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are generally eliminated from the body in urine
7
Q
Vitamins provide _____ kcal/g.
A
0
8
Q
Choose the effects of excess alcohol consumption on the body.
A
Damages heart muscle
Interferes with nutrient absorption
Impairs brain function
9
Q
By sacrificing electrons, _____ protect molecules such as polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals.
A
antioxidants
10
Q
Choose functions of the coenzyme made with vitamin B-6.
A
Production of proteins used in nerve transmission
Synthesis of nonessential amino acids
Production of heme
11
Q
Which of the following are functions of water?
A
Regulates body temperature
Transports substances
Removes wastes
12
Q
Obesity is a risk factor for which cancers?
A
Kidney cancer
Colon cancer
Thyroid cancer
13
Q
Fluid balance, cellular metabolism, growth and development, and bone health are major functions of _____.
A
minerals
14
Q
Without adequate _____, muscle and other cells are unable to obtain the energy needed to perform work.
A
iron
15
Q
Iron plays a direct role in _____.
A
immune system function
16
Q
Iodine is used to make thyroid hormone, which regulates _____.
A
the body’s metabolic rate
17
Q
What are some dietary sources of water?
A
Fruits
Vegetables
Milk
18
Q
The vitamin whose main role is involvement in amino acid metabolism is _____.
A
Vitamin B-6
19
Q
A female who consumes 8 alcoholic drinks/week would be classified as a _____.
A
heavy drinker
20
Q
Individuals should seek help for alcohol abuse or dependence from _____.
A
their personal physician
21
Q
Choose the functions of water in the body.
A
Is a major component of saliva, sweat, tears, and mucus
Participates in many chemical reactions
Helps maintain proper blood chemistry
22
Q
_____ is important for proper brain development
A
iron
23
Q
Select the primary function of iodine.
A
Thyroid hormone synthesis
24
How do antioxidants protect cells?
Give up electrons to free radicals
25
Which of the following are watery fluids within the body?
Blood
Lymph
Urine
26
A highly unstable substance that can remove electrons from more stable compounds is called a(n) _____.
free radical
27
Vitamin E's main role in the body is to act as a(n) _____.
antioxidant
28
You are generally unlikely to become deficient in _____ because bacteria in the large intestine are able to make it.
vitamin K
29
Which of the following are classic signs and symptoms of pellagra, the niacin deficiency disease?
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
30
_____ is needed to make coenzymes involved in DNA production.
Folate
31
Which two vitamins work together to make the amino acid methionine from homocysteine?
Folate
Vitamin B-12
32
What are some good food sources of folate?
Fortified cereals
Enriched grain products
33
Which of the following are functions of vitamin E?
Acting as an antioxidant
Maintaining immune system function
34
Proper blood clotting
Vitamin K
35
Maintaining normal vision
Vitamin A
36
Fruits and vegetables are the best dietary sources of _____.
Vitamin C
37
Vitamin B-12 and folate play a role in forming the amino acid methionine from the toxic amino acid _____.
homocysteine
38
Enriched grain products, green leafy vegetables, and asparagus are good sources of _____.
Folate
39
Phosphorus, potassium, and chloride are classified as _____ minerals.
major
40
Compared to people with normal blood pressure, hypertensive individuals have a greater risk of developing which conditions?
Stroke
Heart disease
Kidney failure
41
Being physically inactive, having type 2 diabetes, and being of African American ancestry increase the risk of developing _____.
hypertension
42
Choose some of the common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia.
Inability to concentrate on tasks
Fatigue
Pale skin
43
Persistently elevated blood pressure is called _____.
hypertension
44
_____ are one of the largest suppliers of zinc in a typical American diet.
fortified cereals
45
Which of the following is the simplest and most accurate way to determine hydration status?
urine volume
46
Which of the following foods are good sources of zinc?
Poultry
Oysters
Red meat
47
Select the statements that correctly describe alcohol.
It requires no digestion
It is absorbed in the small intestine
It is absorbed in the stomach
48
Which criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?
It prevents a specific deficiency disorder when consumed in adequate amounts
The body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health
It occurs naturally in commonly eaten foods
49
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all _____ vitamins.
fat-soluble
50
Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of _____ vitamins.
water-soluble
51
the classification of _____ is used for minerals
trace
52
What are some ways to improve the body's absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in low-fat foods like vegetables?
Cook the vegetables in oil
Mix the vegetables with salad dressing
53
What is the site of vitamin absorption?
small intestine
54
Which cooking methods best conserve the vitamin content of fresh or frozen vegetables?
Stir-frying
Microwaving
Steaming
55
Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A,K,E,D
56
Functions of _____ include regulating the immune system, participating in growth and development, and maintaining normal vision.
Vitamin A
57
With a vitamin A deficiency, certain epithelial cells stop producing mucus, which results in cells that _____.
are no longer able to effectively prevent infections
58
The retina portion of the eye contains rods and cones, which are essential cells for vision that require _____ to function properly.
retinol
59
Fatty fish like tuna, sardines, and salmon are good sources of _____.
Vitamin D
60
What is a disease that interferes with fat absorption and can lead to deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins?
Cystic fibrosis
61
Alpha-tocopherol is a form of _____.
Vitamin E
62
Select tips to help conserve the vitamin content of fruits and vegetables.
Store canned foods in a cool place and use within one year
Purchase fresh produce when it is in season
63
Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?
Fortified milk
Cod liver oil
Salmon
64
Select the situations in which vitamin needs increase and thus vitamin absorption also tends to increase.
Periods of growth
Pregnancy
65
Most B-vitamins function as part of _____.
coenzymes
66
Which vitamins function as coenzymes that assist in the release of energy from fat, glucose, and amino acids?
Thiamin
Niacin
Riboflavin
67
What is the function of a coenzyme?
A coenzyme binds to an enzyme and activates the enzyme so it can function properly
68
What major role do thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin have in the body?
They help release energy from glucose, fat, and amino acids
69
The thiamin deficiency disease beriberi is characterized by weakness and _____
poor muscle coordination
70
When a deficiency of folate or vitamin B-12 is present, red blood cells _____.
are unable to divide normally
71
Pregnant women have an increased requirement for _____ because cell division takes place at a rapid pace during embryonic development.
folate
72
Which three nutrients are found in a wide variety of foods, making deficiencies unlikely?
Choline
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
73
only in animal sources
Vitamin B-12
74
Unlike most of the other water-soluble vitamins, _____ does not function as part of a coenzyme.
Vitamin C
75
The body's ability to absorb and use a nutrient such as a mineral is called _____.
bioavailability
76
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
Blood clotting
Muscle contraction
77
A chronic disease characterized by a loss of normal bone mass and a resultant weak bone structure is called _____.
osteoporosis
78
Beginning around age _____, maximum peak bone mass has been achieved and slow, steady bone loss begins.
30
79
By age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys, up to 90% of _____ has been achieved.
peak bone mass
80
Iron and magnesium both play a role in _____.
releasing energy from macronutrients
81
_____ is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
iron
82
Copper and selenium are both components of enzymes that _____.
function as antioxidants
83
Which food source can have such high selenium contents that consumption is recommended in moderation?
Brazil Nuts
84
Which minerals play a role in regulating energy metabolism?
Zinc
Chromium
Iodine
85
Cells maintain proper hydration by controlling the amounts of _____ in each compartment.
electrolytes
86
Which of the following foods are good sources of selenium?
Nuts
Meat
Seafood
87
Rank how water is lost from the body in order from the greatest source of loss to the smallest source of loss.
1. urine
2. sweat
3. exhaled air
4. feces
88
The kidneys regulate body water content and _____.
ion concentrations in blood
89
Minerals such as chromium, iodine, and zinc are involved in the regulation of _____.
energy metabolism
90
The water obtained from both metabolic and external sources is called _____.
total water intake
91
The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high is _____.
calcitonin
92
Exposure to which conditions can destroy certain vitamins?
Excessive heat
Alkaline conditions
Air
93
Choose the options that correctly describe folic acid.
Folic acid is the form in dietary supplements
Folic acid is the form used to fortify foods
94
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D are all involved in regulating the body's _____ level in the blood.
calcium
95
Signs and symptoms of a _____ deficiency are muscle weakness and inflamed eyes and mouth.
riboflavin
96
_____ vitamins are generally more readily stored in the body than _____ vitamins.
Fat-soluble; water-soluble
97
Which of the following are major functions of minerals?
Fluid balance
Nerve impulse transmission
Bone health
98
Which type of cell is among the first to become affected by a vitamin A deficiency?
Epithelial cells
99
Megaloblastic anemia can result from a deficiency of either _____ or _____.
vitamin B-12
folate
100
The condition characterized by large, immature red blood cells that still have nuclei and carry less oxygen is called _____.
megaloblastic anemia
101
Which two trace minerals are components of hundreds of enzymes?
Selenium
Copper
102
Myoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in _____.
muscle cells
103
Which vitamin is also called ascorbic acid?
vitamin C
104
This disease occurs with a niacin deficiency and causes dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and potentially death
pellagra
105
This condition results from a vitamin A deficiency and leads to difficulty seeing dim light
night blindness
106
this condition results from a vitamin C deficiency and causes poor wound healing, pinpoint bleeding, and bleeding gums
scurvy
107
Skinfold thickness measurements are a technique used to estimate _____.
total body fat
108
_____ refers to the energy needed for cells to carry out their daily activities.
Energy expenditure
109
Losing only _____ of excess body weight can reduce risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes.
5-10%
110
Physical fitness is the ability to perform _____.
moderate- to vigorous-intensity activities without becoming excessively tired
111
_____ is characterized by recurring episodes of bingeing and compensatory purging behaviors.
Bulimia nervosa
112
In a person with bulimia nervosa, repeated vomiting can cause which health-related issues?
Low blood potassium levels and altered heartbeat
Tooth decay
113
Which of the following are components of fat-free mass?
Bones
Muscles
Body water
114
_____ is a method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current.
Bioelectric impedance
115
The energy derived from the consumption of foods and beverages contributes to _____.
energy intake
116
Physical activity recommendations for healthy adults issued by the U.S. DHHS include performing moderate-intensity activities for at least _____ or vigorous-intensity activities for at least _____.
150-300 minutes/week; 75-150 minutes/week
117
Sores or scars on the knuckles, tooth decay, and tears and bleeding of the esophagus are all signs of vomiting in a person with _____.
bulimia nervosa
118
The two major compartments that your body is comprised of are fat-free mass and _____.
total body fat
119
compromised of body water, mineral-rich tissues such as bones and teeth, and protein-rich tissues, including muscles and organs
fat-free mass
120
includes "essential fat" and fat tissue
total body fat
121
Typically, female athletes training for more than 90 minutes per day need _____ kcal/kg of body weight per day.
45-50
122
Typically, male athletes training for more than 90 minutes per day need _____ kcal/kg of body weight per day.
≥50
123
Subcutaneous fat is located _____.
just beneath the skin
124
_____ fat is located under the abdominal muscles and protects the stomach and intestines.
visceral
125
Why can central-body obesity increase risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease?
There is a large amount of visceral fat, which makes substances that cause inflammation
126
Which of the following processes are included in basal metabolism?
Breathing
Maintaining brain function
Circulating blood
127
Energy balance occurs when energy intake is equal to the sum of which three components?
Physical activity
Thermic effect of food
Basal metabolism
128
Total body fat is comprised of which two components?
Essential fat
Fat tissue
129
_____ is the minimal number of calories the body uses for vital activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours.
Basal metabolism
130
Weight should remain relatively stable over time if a person maintains a _____.
state of energy balance
131
_____ is the sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger.
Satiety
132
Choose the medications that are approved by the FDA for long-term use for weight loss.
Orlistat
Qsymia
Belviq
133
Temporary changes in eating habits that occur in response to stress, a desire to lose weight, or to modify one's appearance describe _____.
disordered eating
134
What are the three important components of a comprehensive exercise program?
Stretching activities
Aerobic exercises
Resistance exercises
135
Choose signs and symptoms that are generally seen in a person with anorexia nervosa.
Low blood potassium levels
Shrunken breasts and buttocks
Widespread delicate, dense, white hairs on the skin
136
Select the option that correctly describes the use of weight-loss medications.
Weight-loss medication should be combined with reduced calorie intake and increased physical activity
137
Exercising regularly helps to reduce the risk of which of the following health conditions?
Cardiovascular disease
Dementia
Type 2 Diabetes
138
Bioelectrical impedance is based on the principle that _____.
water and electrolytes conduct electricity
139
Ergogenic aids are foods, devices, dietary supplements, or drugs that are used to improve _____.
physical performance
140
Which of the following health effects has been linked to losing just 5-10% of excess body weight?
Lowered blood glucose levels
Increased HDL cholesterol levels
Lowered blood pressure
141
An "apple" shaped body fat distribution describes people that have _____.
central-body obesity
142
Body composition, calorie intake, and thyroid hormone can influence _____.
basal metabolic rate
143
Skinfold calipers are used to measure the depth of _____ at multiple body sites.
subcutaneous fat
