Basic organic

Question 1

why does carbon make so many compounds

Answer 1

-A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell so
makes 4 covalent bonds.
-A carbon atom can make single, double or triple bonds.
-A carbon atom can make covalent bonds with
* other carbon atoms to make chains and rings.
* non-metals such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur, phosphorous and the halogens.

Question 2

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 2

a compound that only contains
carbon and hydrogen

Question 3

what is a saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

only contain single bonds

Question 4

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 4

contain double and/or triple
bonds between carbon atoms

Question 5

what is empirical formula

Answer 5

shows the simplest
ratio of the atoms present.

Question 6

what is molecular formula

Answer 6

shows the number
of each type of atom present in
one molecule of the compound.

Question 7

what is general formula

Answer 7

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous
series

Question 8

what is a homologous series

Answer 8

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 9

what is displayed formula

Answer 9

shows every bond and atom in
a compound

Question 10

what is structural formula

Answer 10

the specific arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form without showing any of the bonds

Question 11

what is skeletal formula

Answer 11

shows the carbon skeleton of a molecule with
the functional groups attached. The carbon or hydrogen atoms
are not shown (except the hydrogen in an OH or NH2 group)

Question 12

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 12

contains carbon atoms connected together in open chain.

Question 13

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 13

an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing carbon atoms connected together in a closed ring.

Question 14

what is an aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 14

has some, or all, of its carbon
atoms in a benzene ring

Question 15

what are alkanes

Answer 15

saturated hydrocarbons

Question 16

what is a functional group

Answer 16

– a group of
atoms responsible for the
characteristic reactions of a
compound.

Question 17

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of carboxylic acid

Answer 17

-(C=O)OH
- oic acid
- carboxy-

Question 18

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of Nitriles

Answer 18

-C(triple bond)N
-nitrile
-Cyano

Question 19

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of aldehyde

Answer 19

-C(C=O)H
-al
-Formyl

Question 20

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of ketone

Answer 20

-C(C=O)C
-one
-Oxo

Question 21

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of alcohol

Answer 21

• OH
• ol
• hydroxy

Question 22

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of amines

Answer 22

-NH2
-amine
-Amino

Question 23

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of haloalkane

Answer 23

-Cl, -Br, -I
Chloro-, Bromo-, Iodo-

Question 24

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of alkene

Answer 24

-C=C
-ene

Question 25

what is the formula, suffix, and prefix of alkyne

Answer 25

-C(triple bond)C -yne

Question 26

what is an isomer

Answer 26

Two molecules may have the same molecular formula but the atoms have different arrangements

Question 27

what are structural isomers

Answer 27

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 28

what are chain isomers

Answer 28

a type of isomer where the hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently

Question 29

what is a position isomer

Answer 29

a type of isomer where the functional group is attached at different places on the hydrocarbon chain

Question 30

what is a functional group isomer

Answer 30

a type of isomer where there are different functional groups

Question 31

what is a mechanism

Answer 31

a series of small steps showing the path taken by electrons during a reaction

Question 32

what are curly arrows used for

Answer 32

to describe the movement of a pair of electrons.

Question 33

what is heterolytic fission

Answer 33

when a covalent bond is broken and both electrons go to one atom.

Question 34

when does heterolytic fission occur

Answer 34

-when the molecule contains a polar bond as these bonds have a lower bond enthalpy and so can be broken more easily. -The pair of electrons usually goes to the most electronegative atom

Question 35

what is a nucleophile

Answer 35

negatively charged or neutral molecule with a lone pair of electrons that donates the electrons

Question 36

what is an electrophile

Answer 36

neutral or positively charged molecule that accepts the electrons