Basic Organic Concepts - ALL NOTES

Question 1

Define atomic number ?

Answer 1

-number of protons in nucleus

Question 2

Define mass number ?

Answer 2

-Number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 3

What is a cation?

Answer 3

-A positively charged ion

Question 4

What is an anion?

Answer 4

-A negatively charged ion

Question 5

What is a mole?

Answer 5

-the Avogardro number of particles in a substance

Question 6

What is Avogadro’s number?

Answer 6

-6.022x10^23

Question 7

What happens to atomic size across period ?

Answer 7

-Decreases

Question 8

What happens to atomic size across group?

Answer 8

-Increases

Question 9

What happens to the number of valence electrons across period?

Answer 9

-Increases

Question 10

What happens to the number of valence electrons across group?

Answer 10

-Remains the same

Question 11

What happens to metallic character across period?

Answer 11

-Decreases

Question 12

What happens to metallic character across group?

Answer 12

-Increases

Question 13

What happens to electron affinity across period?

Answer 13

-Increases

Question 14

What happens to electron affinity across group?

Answer 14

-Decreases

Question 15

What happens to electronegativity across period ?

Answer 15

-Increases

Question 16

What happens to electronegativity across group?

Answer 16

-Decreases

Question 17

What happens to ionisation energy across group?

Answer 17

-Decreases

Question 18

What happens to ionisation energy across period?

Answer 18

-Increases

Question 19

What is molarity?

Answer 19

-The number of moles of solute per litre of solution

Question 20

What are valence electrons?

Answer 20

-Electrons in the outermost shell

Question 21

What is valence?

Answer 21

-The number of electrons an atom must lose or gain to attain the nearest noble gas

Question 22

How many orbital does the S shell have?

Answer 22

-1

Question 23

How many orbitals does the P shell have?

Answer 23

-3

Question 24

How many oribitals does the D shell have?

Answer 24

-5

Question 25

How many orbitals does the F shell have?

Answer 25

-7

Question 26

What is the ground state of electron configuration ?

Answer 26

-The lowest energy in an atom

Question 27

What is the excited state electron configuration?

Answer 27

-The highest energy in an atom

Question 28

What is the Aufbau principle?

Answer 28

-Electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first

Question 29

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

Answer 29

-Each atomic orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spin

Question 30

What is Hund's rule?

Answer 30

-When there are two or more orbitals of the same energy, electrons go on different orbitals rather than pair up

Question 31

What is electronegativity ?

Answer 31

-The power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself

Question 32

What intermolecular forces determine physical properties In molecules ?

Answer 32

-Diipole-dipole Waals interactions -Van Der Waals forces -Hydrogen bonds

Question 33

What are the Dipole-Dipole interactions?

Answer 33

-Interactions between the positive end of one dipole and the negative end on another

Question 34

What are the Van Der Waals forces?

Answer 34

-Weak forces of attraction between non-polar molecules

Question 35

What are hydrogen bond interactions?

Answer 35

-Attractive forces between hydrogen attached to electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of the same or different molecule

Question 36

How can carbon have 4 valence electrons but only 2 available ?

Answer 36

-A small amount of energy is used to unpair one of the 2s and move onto 2p to allow large energy output

Question 37

What is sp3 hybridisation of carbon?

Answer 37

-Carbon forms 4 single binds eg. CH4

Question 38

What is sp2 hybridisation of carbon?

Answer 38

-Carbon forms a double bond eg. C2H4

Question 39

What is sp hybridisation of carbon?

Answer 39

-Carbon forms a triple bond or two double bonds to one carbon atom

Question 40

How to fill orbitals ?

Question 41

How to draw bond etc?