Basic Pharm principles III (exam 2)

Question 1

several factors contribute to the effects of drugs… list some of them

Answer 1

-molecular structure
-characteristic of drug
-concentration of drug at site of action (target site)
the above includes: Dose, route of administration, Time since administration, frequency of administration, sex, genotype
-History of administration
-set
-setting

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics focuses on ADME…what is that?

Answer 2

Absorption 
Distribution
Binding at a target site
Metabolism 
Excretion

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics helps to optimize drug therapy by determining :

Answer 3

dose
dosage form
dose regimen

Question 4

What are the enteral routes of drug admission into the body? (3)

Answer 4

Mouth
Rectal
Sublingual (buccal)

Question 5

What are the parenteral routes of drug admission into the body (10)

Answer 5

intravenous (IV)
intramuscular (IM)
subcutaneous (SC, Sub Q)
intraarterial 
intrathecal
Intracerebroventricular (ICV)
transdermal
inhalation
topical
mucous membranes

Question 6

What are the most common routes of admission? (5)

Answer 6

Mouth
intravenous
intramuscular 
subcutaneous 
topical

Question 7

There are three general mechanisms by which substances (besides water) cross cell membranes. What are they?

Answer 7

1. diffusion
2. facilitated diffusion
3. active transport

Question 8

diffusion and facilitated diffusion are both example of ___________ transport

Answer 8

passive

Question 9

What is bioavailability?

Answer 9

the fraction of dose that actually enters the systematic circulation

Question 10

bioavailability is based off of absorption factors. Name them (6)

Answer 10

1. Dose
2. Dose form
3. Route of Administration
4. Dissolution Rate
5. Circulation
6. Drug factors (lipid solubility, water solubility, pH)

Question 11

True or False: Once absorbed into the circulatory system, the drug is distributed throughout the body

Answer 11

true

Question 12

True or False: A large amount of the drug is in contact with receptors at any given time

Answer 12

false: very little amount of the drug is in contact with receptors at any given time

Question 13

List 5 factors that effect the accumulation of drug in tissue

Answer 13

1. lipophilocity of drug
2. perfusion of target
3. sex
4. Concentration gradient
5. Blood brain barrier

Question 14

Men have proportionally (more/less) fat tissue than woman

Answer 14

less

Question 15

Woman have proportionally (more/less) water than men

Answer 15

less

Question 16

does drug action differ over sex?

Answer 16

yes!

Question 17

What is the general purpose of circumventricular organs?

Answer 17

1. communicating with CSF
2. communicating between the brain and periphery via the blood
   (look at this slide for more information)

Question 18

What is biotransformation?

Answer 18

the chemical alteration of drug in the body

Question 19

what is catabolism vs anabolism

Answer 19

catabolism is the breakdown of molecules and anabolism is the combining of molecules

Question 20

in drug metabolism, (catabolism/anabolism) is inferred?

Answer 20

catabolism

*generally a gradual conversion to a more hydrophilic (POLAR, less lipophilic) form so that it is excreted

Question 21

List the 5 Drug Metabolism outcomes

Answer 21

1. ) Conversion of Active molecule into inactive molecule
2. ) Conversion of inactive molecule to active molecule
3. ) Conversion of a Toxic molecule into a non-toxic molecule
4. ) Conversion of a non-toxic molecule into a toxic molecule
5. ) Conversion of lipid soluble form into water soluble form (for excretion)

Question 22

What is cleavage?

Answer 22

the metabolic process of splitting into smaller molecules

Question 23

What is oxidation?

Answer 23

the metabolic process of combining with oxygen and increase of electropositive charge by net loss of electrons

Question 24

What is reduction?

Answer 24

decrease of electropositive charge by net gain of electrons

Question 25

What is conjunction?

Answer 25

the metabolic process of combing with endogenous compound

Question 26

What organ does the most of the drug metaboling?

Answer 26

liver

Question 27

oral medications travel via the ____________ to the ______ before they enter the general _________

Answer 27

bloodstream liver blood supply

Question 28

what does "first pass" refer to?

Answer 28

the metabolism that occurs between absorption and systemic circulation

Question 29

For drugs administered to the GI tract, the first pass effect (by the liver) occurs because.......

Answer 29

the drugs pass through liver prior to entering the general (systematic) blood supply

Question 30

What percent of oral dose enters the stomach? what percent enters hepatic portal vein? what percent of the original dose is left after the first visit to the liver?

Answer 30

100% 70% 15%

Question 31

What are the fluid ways that drugs can be excreted out of the body?

Answer 31

``` Sweat Tears Saliva Mucous urine bile human milk ```

Question 32

Look at drug excretion slide

Answer 32

------

Question 33

What is Zero-Order?

Answer 33

Elimination of a constant quantity of drug per unit time

Question 34

A reaction is zero if...... | talk about the graph

Answer 34

concentration data are plotted versus time and the result is a straight line

Question 35

Half life (increases/decreases) with (increasing/decreasing) concentration

Answer 35

decrease for both

Question 36

What is First-Order?

Answer 36

elimination of a constant fraction of drug per unit time

Question 37

Do most drugs have a Zero-Order or First-Order?

Answer 37

First-Order (~95%)

Question 38

in First-Order the rate of elimination is proportional to______________________________

Answer 38

the concentration of the drug

Question 39

Compare the half-life of zero vs first order

Answer 39

zero- half life decreases with decreasing concentration | first- half life is constant (ie: 50% every 4 hours) regardless of the drug concentration

Question 40

A reaction is first if...... | talk about the graph

Answer 40

concentration data are plotted versus time and the result is an exponential decrease

Question 41

in general, the effects of drugs on a fetus/neonate is (better/worse) than in adults

Answer 41

worse

Question 42

Why are these effects better/worse?

Answer 42

- have an immature BBB - fewer plasma proteins (to bind to drugs and keep them from entering the brain) - greater proportion of blood flow to the brain - (far) fewer liver enzymes - slower drug excretion