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Ultrasound > Basic Physics > Flashcards

Basic Physics Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Amplitude

A

Peak pressure and magnitude of sound wave

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2
Q

Period

A

Length of time to complete one cycle

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3
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance of a complete cycle

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4
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles per second (cycles/sec)

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5
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

cycles per second

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6
Q

Ultrasound is sound greater than ________ Hz

A

>20,000 Hz

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7
Q

Diagnostic US is in _________ Hz range

A

2-20 megaHz

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8
Q

Increasing period __________ frequency

A

Decreases frequency

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9
Q

Velocity

A

Propagation of speed through a medium

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10
Q

Velocity is _____________ in a given medium

A

Constant

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11
Q

Velocity is determined by the _____________

A

Stiffness and density of medium

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12
Q

Frequency and wavelength are _________ related

A

Inversely

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13
Q

Power

A

Strength of sound wave

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14
Q

Diagnostic ultrasound uses _________ waves

A

Pulsed

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15
Q

Pulse Duration (PD)

A

Length of time from beginning to end of a pulse

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16
Q

Pulse Repetition Period (PRP)

A

Length of time from beginning of one pulse to the next

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17
Q

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

A

Number of pulses per second (pulse/sec)

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18
Q

PRP and PRF are __________ related

A

Inversely

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19
Q

Duty Factor

A

% of time spent producing a pulse

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20
Q

Duty Factor formula

A

PD (sec) /PRP(sec) X 100 (usually less than 0.01)

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21
Q

Spatial Pulse Length (SPL)

A

Length or distance of a pulse

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22
Q

Piezoelectric Effect

A

electrical current generates vibration of crystals to produce sound, vibration of crystals produces electrical current

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23
Q

Image depth

A

time elapsed between signal pulse and echo

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24
Q

Brightness

A

related to echo intensity along grey scale

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25
Attenuation
Weakening of sound beam as it moves through medium
26
Increasing frequency __________ attenuation
Increases
27
Increasing distance ____________ attenuation
Increases
28
Absorbtion
Energy absorbed and converted to heat
29
Refelction
Sound reflected back to transducer
30
Scattering
Sound reflected in multiple directions
31
Scattering occurs when
Sound strikes material so small as to approach wavelength
32
Increasing frequency __________ scattering
Increases
33
Refraction
Redirection of sound beam as it crosses from one medium to another, causing bending of sound wave
34
Refraction occurs when
Differing propagation speed between two media
35
Impedence
Resistance to propagation of sound
36
Impedence is related to
Tissue density and propagation speed
37
Acoustic impedance mismatch
Difference in acoustic impedance at a boundary
38
The greater the acoustic impedance mismatch
The greater the amount of reflection
39
Angle of insonation
The angle between the incident ultrasound beam and an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the boundary of the object of interest
40
Resolution
The ability of the sound waves to discriminate between two different, closely spaced objects
41
Axial resolution
The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects along same beam
42
Axial resolution is dependent on
SPL and frequency
43
Axial resolution increases with ________ frequency
increasing
44
Lateral resolution
The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects at the same depth
45
Lateral resolution is dependent on
Width of the US beam, transducer shape, and focal zones
46
Temporal resolution
The ability to detect moving objects at various points in time
47
Synonym for temporal resolution
Frame rate
48
To improve temporal resolution
Narrow imaging sector, decrease scanning depth, decrease line density, decrease number of focal zones
49
Hyperechoic
More echo than surrounding tissue
50
Isoechoic
Same echo as surrounding tissue
51
Hypoechoic
Less echo than surrounding tissue
52
Anechoic
No echo
53
2D or B-mode
Brightness mode
54
In B-mode US, strong echoes are represented by _____ dots and weak or no echoes are represented by ______ dots
White dots, black dots
55
M-mode
Motion mode
56
M-mode display
B-mode image with tracing of movement over time
57
Color
Color imposed over B-mode image
58
Color scale
Information on mean velocity and direction of flow, color superiorly represents flow toward transducer, and inferiorly away from transducer
59
BART
Blue away, red toward
60
Power Doppler
Greater sensitivity for low flow states, no directional information
61
Spectral Doppler
Quantitative assessment of flow velocity at a single point within the gate (pulsed wave) or along the entire line of interrogation (continuous wave)
62
Gain
Overall displayed brightness of echo signal
63
Time Gain Compensation (TGC)
allows adjusting gain by depth
64
Depth
Adjusts the field of view to increase or decrease scanning area
65
Frequency dial
Adjusts the frequency of sound emitted by the probe
66
Tissue Harmonic imaging
The transducer listens for sound waves returning at multiples of the frequency of the pulse that was emitted from the transducer, less artifact and attenuation
67
Curvilinear array used for
Abdominal, pulmonary, and OB/GYN studies
68
Linear array used for
Vascular access, soft tissue, MSK, vascular, superficial
69
Phased array used for
Cardiac (and FAST)
70
Endocavitary used for
Endovaginal pelvic and peritonsilar abscess
71
Sagittal
Splits patient into right and left
72
To obtain sagittal images, transducer indicator pointed toward
Patient’s head
73
Transverse
Splits patient into top and bottom
74
To obtain transverse images, transducer indicator pointed toward
Patient's right
75
Coronal
Splits patient into front and back
76
To obtain transverse images, transducer indicator pointed toward
Patient’s head
77
Acoustic shadowing
Due to reflection of sound with dark shadow behind reflection

Ultrasound (5 decks)

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