Basic Plan, Peritoneum And Stomach

Question 1

What are the 4 layers of the GI wall?

Answer 1

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa/adventicia

Question 2

What is the mucosa of the GI tract made of?

Answer 2

Epithelium, Lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

Question 3

What does the mucosa layer do?

Answer 3

Absorption and secretion

Question 4

What does the submucosa contain?

Answer 4

Blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves

Question 5

What does the muscularis layer do?

Answer 5

Segmental contractions and peristaltic movement

Question 6

What does the muscularis layer contain?

Answer 6

Inner circulatory and outer longitudinal muscles

Question 7

What does the serosa layer contain?

Answer 7

Mesothelium and connective tissue (thin)

Question 8

What does the serosa layer do?

Answer 8

Prevents friction

Question 9

What does the enteric nervous system do?

Answer 9

Helps coordinate peristalsis

Question 10

What are the components of the enteric nervous system?

Answer 10

My-enteric plexus and submucosal plexus

Question 11

Where is the myenteric plexus?

Answer 11

Between circulatory and longitudinal layers

Question 12

Where is the submucosal plexus found?

Answer 12

In the submucosa

Question 13

What are the interstitial cells of cajal?

Answer 13

Pace makers of the gut, create peristaltic waves

Question 14

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in GI?

Answer 14

Reduces activity by reducing blood flow, organs can’t work without blood flow

Question 15

What does the sympathetic nervous system innervate?

Answer 15

Celiac ganglion, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 16

What does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate?

Answer 16

CNX touches almost all GI organs, pelvic splanchnic nerves for defecation

Question 17

What does the parietal peritoneum do?

Answer 17

Lines the inner surface of the abdominopelvic wall

Question 18

What does the visceral peritoneum do?

Answer 18

Wrapped around the visceral organs

Question 19

What is the mesentery?

Answer 19

Double layer/ fold of the peritoneum

Question 20

What are the folds of the peritoneum?

Answer 20

Falciform ligament, greater omentum, lesser omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon

Question 21

What does the falciform ligament do?

Answer 21

Separates right and left liver

Question 22

What does the greater omentum do?

Answer 22

Extra energy storage

Question 23

What are the retroperitoneal structures?

Answer 23

Pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, kidneys

Question 24

What are the alterations of the stomach?

Answer 24

Rugae and innermost oblique muscle

Question 25

What is rugae and what does it do?

Answer 25

Intense folding of the stomach, allows it to expand

Question 26

What are the regions of the stomach?

Answer 26

Fund-us, card, body, pyloric canal, pyloric antrum

Question 27

Where is the most intense folding in the stomach?

Answer 27

Body

Question 28

Where is the muscle most intense in the stomach?

Answer 28

Pyloric canal and pyloric antrum

Question 29

What are the structural features of the stomach?

Answer 29

Lesser and greater curvatures

Question 30

What are the functions of the stomach?

Answer 30

Digest proteins Breaks down, mixes and puts chyme into duodenum Produces intrinsic factors Absorbs alcohol and Asa

Question 31

What is the blood supply to the greater curve?

Answer 31

Right and left gastro-omental

Question 32

What is the blood supply to the lesser curve?

Answer 32

Right and left gastric

Question 33

Where does the stomach vasculature drain?

Answer 33

All veins lead to the hepatic portal vein

Question 34

What is the role of gastric?

Answer 34

``` Increase parietal cells Increase chief cells Increase LES Increase gastric motility Decrease pyloric sphincter ```

Question 35

What do gastric pits contain?

Answer 35

Surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, Chief cells, G cells

Question 36

What do surface mucous and mucous neck cells do?

Answer 36

Secrete mucous

Question 37

What do parietal cells do?

Answer 37

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Question 38

What do chief cells do?

Answer 38

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 39

What do G cells do?

Answer 39

Secrete gastric

Question 40

What are the phases of digestion?

Answer 40

Cephalic phase (before food is present), gastric phase (food in the stomach), intestinal phase

Question 41

What happens in the gastric phase of digestion?

Answer 41

Stretch receptors defect distension of the stomach, chemoreceptors defect increased ph of gastric juices

Question 42

What happens in the cephalic phase of digestion?

Answer 42

Receptors for sight, smell, and taste of food is activated by thoughts of food

Question 43

What happens in the intestinal phase of digestion?

Answer 43

Stretch receptors detect distension of duodenum | Chemoreceptors defect fatty acids and glucose in duodenum

Question 44

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

Answer 44

CCK and secretin

Question 45

What does CCK do?

Answer 45

Inhibits gastric juice and gastric peristalsis

Question 46

What does secretin do?

Answer 46

Inhibits gastric juice

Question 47

What is the endogastric reflex?

Answer 47

Long acting neural inhibition of gastric juice, reduces ability to chemically digest

Question 48

What is emesis?

Answer 48

Reverse peristalsis, vomiting

Question 49

What causes emesis?

Answer 49

Extreme stretch and irritants, excessive alcohol, certain foods

Question 50

What does emesis involve?

Answer 50

Afferent signals to the medulla | Efferent signals to diaphragm abdominal muscles, relax of esophageal sphincter, close nasopharynx

Question 51

What is mesothelium?

Answer 51

Membrane that covers and protects the inner organs

Question 52

What does the submucosal plexus do?

Answer 52

Integrates and coordinates GI motility, secretory and endocrine functions

Question 53

What does the innermost oblique muscle do?

Answer 53

Aids in digesting by grinding the food together with digestive juices

Question 54

What is intrinsic factor

Answer 54

A protein that aids in digestion

Question 55

What regulates HCL secretion?

Answer 55

Gaston from enteroendocrine cells ACh from parasympathetic nerve fibres Histamine from mast cells

Question 56

How is HCl made?

Answer 56

- bicarb and chloride switch places - hydrogen and potassium switch places - chloride exits the parietal cell and joins with hydrogen

Question 57

What is the enterogastric reflex?

Answer 57

Stretching of the duodenum results in inhibition of gastric motility and reduced rate of emptying the stomach

Question 58

Now does the parasympathetic nervous system increase Gl activity?

Answer 58

Has both inhibitory and excitatory effects | It stimulates certain receptors which increase activity