Basic Principles Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What is (CT)?
A
Computed Tomography
2
Q
What is (MRI)?
A
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3
Q
What is (NM)?
A
Nuclear Medicine
4
Q
What are the 5 different imaging modalities?
A
(1) X-ray
(2) Computed Tomography (CT)
(3) Magnetic Resonance (MR)
(4) Ultrasound (U/S)
(5) Nuclear Medicine
5
Q
Which image has the lowest dose of radiation?
A
X-ray
6
Q
X-ray is good for?
A
Bones &
Airspace
7
Q
What is X-ray bad for?
A
Soft tissue &
overlapping structures
8
Q
What color is x-ray film to start?
A
white
9
Q
Bone is what color?
A
White
10
Q
Air is what color?
A
Black
11
Q
What are the 5 basic radiographic densities?
A
- Air (darkest)
- Fat (less dark)
- Fluid/Blood/Soft tissue (gray)
- Bone (white)
- Metal/Contrast (most white)
12
Q
What are the 4 X-ray views?
A
- Anteroposterior (AP)
- Posteroanterior (PA)
- Lateral (LAT)
- Oblique (OBL)
13
Q
What image uses a single pulse of ionizing radiation?
A
X-ray
14
Q
What direction of view is AP?
A
front to back
15
Q
If pt is unable to sit or stand what view do you use?
A
PA
16
Q
In which view is the heart magnified and borders are fuzzier?
A
AP
17
Q
Which view shows structures behind the heart and provides a 3-D image?
A
Lateral
18
Q
What angle is used mostly on limbs?
A
Oblique
19
Q
What direction of view is PA?
A
back to front
20
Q
In which view is the heart minimally magnified and borders are sharp?
A
PA
21
Q
What image uses multiple pulses of ionizing radiation?
A
CT
22
Q
With CT is radiation dose high or low?
A
high
23
Q
What is good for bone, airspaces, some soft tissue and overlapping structures, such as abdomen and trauma?
A
CT
24
Q
What is bad for: Some soft tissues (nerves, muscles, connective tissue), patients with retained metallic objects (causes artifacts)?
A
CT
25
In which image does the x-ray tube and detector spin rapidly around the pt?
CT
26
Which image produces a “slice” of the patient?
CT
27
What are the 3 CT views?
1. Sagittal/Median
2. Coronal
3. Axial/Transverse/Cross-sectional
28
Which CT view is left to right?
Sagittal/Median
29
Which CT view is front to back?
Coronal
30
Which CT view is top to bottom?
Axil/Transverse/Cross-sectional
31
Which image uses electromagnetism and radio frequency properties?
MRI
32
What image has no exposure to ionizing radiation, but time consuming?
MRI
33
What is good for: Soft tissue (nerves, muscles, connective tissue, brain, joints)?
MRI
34
What is bad for: People who cannot hold still
or have metal in the body?
MRI
35
Which image uses sound waves?
Ultrasound
36
Which image is good for: **Determining fluid vs solids**, abdominopelvic imaging (gallbladder, kidneys, uterus, testis), assessing blood flow (Doppler)?
US
37
Which image is bad for: Things under bones (chest) and air filled chambers, deep things?
US
38
What are the 2 US views?
1. Longitudinal (left to right)
2. Transverse (top to bottom/up and down)
39
Which image is a radioactive agent given intravenously and is used to create an image showing the distribution of the agent within the body?
Nuclear Medicine
40
What is good for: Detecting normal or abnormal physiologic processes?
Nuclear Medicine
41
What is bad for: Showing less anatomic detail?
Nuclear Medicine
42
What do you confirm during the pre-read?
1. patient
2. date
3. body part
4. image type
5. # of views
6. any comparison films
43
What is the RIP technique?
R-otation
I-nspiration
P-enetration
44
For Rotation what are you looking for?
clavicles are equally spaced relative to the vertebral column
45
For Inspiration you should be able to count how many ribs?
9-10
46
For Penetration what should you be able to see?
1. ribs through the heart
2. barely see the spine through the heart
3. pulmonary vessel near the edges of the lungs
47
over-penetrated films will be what color?
black
48
under penetrated films will be what color?
white
49
over penetrated lungs suggests what?
pneumothorax
50
under penetrated film suggests what?
pneumonia
51
What are the 3 steps to reading a CXR?
1. pre-read
2. Assess RIP
3. Conduct ABCDE
52
What does ABCDE stand for?
A- airways
B- bones
C- cardiac shadow
D- diaphragm
E -everything else
53
What are you checking the trachea for?
midline and patent
54
ABCDE What bones are you looking at?
clavicles, ribs, pectoral girdle, and spine
fractures, alignment, symmetry
55
The transverse diameter of the silhouette should NOT exceed ____ of the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage, called cardiothoracic ratio (only applies to PA film).
50%
56
Right hemidiaphragm is always \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_compared to the left.
higher than or same level
57
imaging should be ordered for what reasons?
confirm a suspicion
impact your treatment
58
Your imaging request should include what?
relevant and brief patient history
purpose of the evaluation
59
Ottawa Rules:
Ankle series
1. Pain in "malleolar" zone AND
2. Bone tenderness at the posterior edge (6cm) of the lateral or medial malleolus OR
3. Inability to bear weight both immediately after the injury and for four steps in the evaluation room.
1) If the patient can transfer weight twice to each foot, the patient can bear weight.
2) If the patient limps, the patient can bear weight.
60
Ottawa Rules:
Acute Foot series
1. Pain in "midfoot" region AND
2. Bone tenderness of the 5th metatarsal or the navicular OR
3. Inability to bear weight both immediately after the injury and for four steps in the evaluation room.
a) If the patient can transfer weight twice to each foot, the patient can bear weigh.
b) If the patient limps, the patient can bear weight..
61
Ottawa Rules:
Knee series
1. Age \<55 year old
2. Isolated tenderness of the patella (with no other bony tenderness to the knee).
3. Tenderness at the head of the fibula.
4. Inability to flex the knee to 90 degrees.
5. Inability to bear weight both immediately after the injury and for four steps in the evaluation room (limping is allowed).
62
If you suspect ligamentous injury, what is the preferred imaging?
MRI
63
Plain films will be able to identify:
1. Fractures
2. Dislocations
3. Arthritis
4. Acromioclavicular (AC) joint or Sternoclavicular (SC) joint injuries
64
What is the preferred modality for labral, ligamentous or rotator cuff injuries?
MRI
65
If a fracture of the phalanx is suspected what views do you take?
AP & Lateral views of the digit
66
Dislocation of the elbow is named for the direction
the radius and ulna dislocate relative to the humerus
67
Imaging of back pain is not indicated in the first 4-6 weeks unless:
1. neurological findings/cauda equina
2. elderly \<50y/o
68
What is the preferred modality for serious trauma?
CT
69
What is the preferred choice for back pain with prior surgery?
MRI
70
What is the preferred imaging for suspected infection?
MRI
71
What is the preferred imaging for spinal cord injury?
MRI
72
What is the preferred modality for tumor?
MRI
73
What is the preferred modality for cord compression?
MRI
74
Consider imaging for headaches if:
* thunderclap headache
* temporal headache & \<55y/o
75
What modality should be used to rule out hemorrhage, bone abnormalities, or lumbar punctures?
CT
76
What is preferred for soft tissue causes such as tumors or vascular?
MRI
77
What are the 8 common fractures seen in orthopedic x-rays?
1. **Oblique**- has angulated fracture line
2. **Transverse**- runs perpendicular to the shaft of the bone
3. **Spiral**- multiplanar and complex fracture line
4. **Overriding**- one bone is displaced over the other
5. **Distraction**- fragments are separated by a gap
6. **Torus**- looks like a bump, incomplete fx
7. **Greenstick**- fx by bending, incomplete fx
8. **Comminuted**- more than 2 fx fragments
78
What is darkest on an x-ray?
Air
79
What is Less Dark on a x-ray?
Fat
80
What is gray on a x-ray?
Fluid/Blood/Soft Tissue
81
What is white on a x-ray?
Bone
82
What is Most white on a x-ray?
Metal/Contrast
83
What is used for technical adequacy?
RIP
84
Angulated fracture line
Oblique
85
Perpendicular to the shaft of the bone
Transverse
86
Multiplanar and complex fracture line
Spiral
87
One bone is displaced over the other
Overriding
88
fragments are separated by a gap
Distraction
89
bump classified as incomplete fracture seen in children
Torus
90
fractures by bending, incomplete fracture seen in children
Greenstick
91
More than 2 fracture fragments
Comminuted
