Basic Principles and Practices Flashcards by Janah Belaguin

Sections of Clinical Laboratory

Anatomic Pathology
Histopathology
Clinical Pathology
Serology
Microbiology
Clinical Chemistry
Hematology
Clinical Microscopy
Blood Bank

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Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

Concerned with the analysis of biochemical byproducts in biological fluids
Pure Blood Chemistry 
Lipids, Carbohydrates and Protein
Enzymology
Enzymes
Endocrinology
Hormones
Toxicology
Drugs of abuse, Heavy metals, Poison, etc.

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Basic Principles and Practices

Units of Measure
Reagents
Clinical Laboratory Supplies
Basic Separation Techniques
Laboratory Mathematics and Calculations
Specimen Considerations

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Components of quantitative laboratory results

Number

Unit (based on the SI system)

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Quantitative laboratory results

Substance concentration
e.g, moles
Mass of substance
e.g., mg/dL, g/dL, g/L, mEq/L, and IU

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Reagents

Chemicals
Reference Materials
Water Specifications

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Chemicals

Analytical Grade (AR)
Ultrapure Reagent
Chemically pure (CP)
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF) Grade
Technical or commercial grade

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Suitable for most analytic procedures

Carry designations as AR or ACS and For Laboratory Use or ACS standard-Grade Reference materials

ANALYTICAL GRADE (AR)

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Suitable for techniques that require extremely pure chemicals (e.g. AAS, EIA, MDx)
Carry designations of HPLC or chromatographic

Ultrapure chemicals

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Impurity limitations are not stated
Preparation is not uniform
Not recommended for clinical laboratories.

Chemically pure (CP)

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Used to manufacture drugs

Purity standards are based on the criterion of not being injurious to man.

USP and NF Grade

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Reference Materials

Primary standard
Substance of exact known concentration and purity.
Secondary standard
Substance of lower purity with concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard.

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Water Specifications

Distilled water
Deionized water
Reverse Osmosis (RO) water
Ultrafiltration and nanofiltered water
Reagent grade water

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Purified by distillation

Distilled water

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Water purified by ion exchange (anion or cation exchange risen) with some/all ions removed
Remove dissolved solids and dissolved gases.

Deionized water

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Uses pressure to force water through a semi permeable membrane.
Does nor remove gases.

Reverse Osmosis (OS) water

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Obtained by initial filter, followed by RO, deionization and a 0.2 mm filter.

Reagent grade water

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Grades of water

Type I water
For test methods requiring minimum interference 
trace metal analysis by FES and AAS
Gas, pH, enzyme and electrolyte analysis
Type II water
For analytical preparations 
reagent, QC and standard preparation
Type III/autoclave wash water
Glassware washing

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Warming components is necessary for analytical procedures and is accomplished by circulating water/ice baths or heating/cooling metal blocks.

Thermometers/Temperature

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Thermometers/Temperature

Liquid-in-glass
Electronic thermometer or thermistor probe
Digital thermometer

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Use of a colored liquid or mercury encased in plastic/glass material with a bulb at one end a graduated stem

Liquid-in-glass

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Total Immersion
Partial Immersion
Surface thermometer

Liquid-in-glass

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Fast reading with millisecond response time

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Electronic thermometer or thermistor probe

laboratory supplies consisted of some type of glass
Kimax® /Pyrex® (borosilicate)
Corex® (aluminosilicate)
High silica
Vycor® (acid or alkali resistant)
Low actinic (amber colored)
Flint  glass (lime soda)

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Glass ware

``` are usually disposable lab supplies Example of commonly used resins: Polystyrene Polyethylene Polypropylene Tygon® Telon® ```

Plastic ware

Laboratory vessels

Pipets Burets Syringes

Laboratory vessels

Class A volumetric flask Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beaker Graduated cylinder

Calibrated to hold one exact of liquid (TC)

Class A volumetric flask

Hold different volume | Used in reagent preparation

Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beaker

Used to measure volumes of liquid

Graduated Cylinder

Glass or plastic utensils used to transfer liquids

Pipets

Classification of Pipet According to Design or Calibration Marks

``` To contain (TC) To deliver (TD) ```

Used for viscous samples Uses mercury as calibrating medium Proper use requires rinsing of the pipet with the final solution after content are delivered into the diluent (rinsing technique)

To contain (TC)

Used for non-viscous samples | Uses distilled water as calibrating medium

To Deliver (TD)

with etched ring or two small, close continuous ring. The last drop of fluid need to be blown

Blowout pipet

without marking. Drains completely.

Self-draining

Classification of Pipet According to Use

Measuring or graduated pipets Volumetric or Transfer pipet Mechanical or Automatic pipet Micro pipet

Graduated uniformly along its length | Designed to deliver any amount within its capacity

Measuring or graduated pipets

Has graduation marks to the tip | Generally a blowout pipet

Serolic pipet

No graduation marks to the tip | Self draining

Mohr Pipet

Correct operation of glass pipet

1. Use mechanical suction 2. Wipe off outside of pipet with gauze 3. Adjust the meniscus; read meniscus at the bottom of the curved liquid

Designed to transfer one volume

Transfer pipet

For viscous fluids (blow out pipet)

Ostwald-Folin pipet

For aqueous solutions (self draining)

Volumetric pipet

No calibration marks | For transferring fluids without consideration of a specific volume

Pasteur pipets

Automatic pipets

Micropet – deliver amount 1ml

The piston does not come in contact the liquid

Air displacement

The piston moves in the tip and comes in contact with the liquid

Positive displacement

Used to transfer small volumes in blood gas analysis, chromatography or electrophoresis

Syringes

Uses hygroscopic substance that take up water/moisture on exposure to air.

Dessicators and Desiccants

Balances

Electronic Top-loading balance | Analytical Balance

used for knowing the mass of the test sample with greater quantity. Used for preparative experiments

Electronic Top-loading balance

for preparation of primary standards With sliding transparent doors Measure exact mass but with lower capacities (operating ranges 0.01 mg to 160 g)

Analytical balance

a process in which a centrifugal force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension. Consist of head/rotor (attached to the shaft of the motor), carrier and shields.

Centrifugation

The speed/centrifugal force is expresses by:

Revolution per minute (RPM) | Relative centrifugal force (RCF) or gravities (g)

Centrifuged must be properly balanced and free from excessive vibrations.

Balancing of Centrifugation

Paper, cellulose, polyester fibers and column materials

Filtration

Basic Principles and Practices Flashcards

(57 cards)