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Module 2 - Hematology > Basic Principles of Pathology > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ways cells communicate at the membrane level?

A

Passive transport, Active transport (Na-K pump), channels, symporters/uniport/antiport, vesicles, receptors & ligands

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2
Q

What are the 3 main ways cells communicate

A

Contact Signaling by plasma membrane bound receptors, remote signaling by secreted molecules affecting receptors inside the target cell, and contact signaling via protein channels (gap junctions)

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3
Q

Define transduction

A

process by which a signal (ligand) crosses the membrane. Can be direct phosphorylation or G protein activation

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4
Q

Define Amplification

A

process by which the effect of a signal is multiplied - activate second messenger cascades (cAMP & Ca++)

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5
Q

What are some short distance intercellular signaling?

A

Contact-Dependent (close contact/direct link), Paracrine/Autocrine (secrete chemical mediators), Gap Junctions (allow small molecules to pass between cells

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6
Q

What are some long distance intercellular signaling?

A

Endocrine/Hormonal, Neurohormone (synapse to bloodstream to cell; ex angiotensin II), Neurotransmitter (synapses to cell)

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7
Q

What are some physiologic control systems the help maintain homeostasis

A

response loops and feedback loops

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8
Q

what are some examples of feedback loops

A

positive (not homeostatic, response continous until stimulus taken away ie labour), negative (hemeostatic & self limiting), feedforward (allow body to anticipate change & maintain stability ie stop thirst before after drinking before water is absorbed)

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9
Q

What are three types of adaptive changes?

A

Atrophy - decrease in cell size
hypertrophy - increase in cell size
hyperplasia - increase in cell number

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10
Q

What are 2 types of non-adaptive changes

A

Dysplasia - abn changes in cell size/shape/organization
Metaplasia - replacement of one mature cell type with another

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of cellular injury

A

Hypoxic, Reperfusion, Free Radical, & Chemical

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12
Q

What can cause hypoxic cell injury

A

lack of sufficient oxygen can be caused by:
1.decrease in environmental oxygen
2.loss of Hgb or Hgb function
3.decreased RBCs
4.Respiratory/Cardiac disease
5.Poisening of oxidative enzymes

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoxic cellular injury

A

ischemia (reduced blood supply) - both gradual (arteriosclerosis) and sudden (thrombosis)

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14
Q

What is a reperfusion injury?

A

reoxygenation after hypoxia results in highly reactive oxygen intermediates (radicals/ROS) that cause membrane damage and mitochrondrial Ca overload. During ischemia, no antioxidants are being produced, so when oxygen reestablished nothing to combat ROS

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15
Q

What is a Free Radical

A

an uncharged atom with an unpaired electron in outer orbit, making it unstable. It can donate or accept electron from another molecule and cause injurious chemical bond formation with DNA/RNA/proteins/lipids/and carbs

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16
Q

What are the three main mechanisms of free radical cell injury

A

1.Lipid Peroxidation - destruction of unsaturated fatty acids
2.Fragmentation of peptides - protein misfolding
3.DNA damage/cleavage

17
Q

How to free radicals control cell state

A

through redox reactions - reduction leads to quiescence adn proliferation, oxidization leads to apoptosis and necrosis

18
Q

How are free radicals inactivated?

A

Antioxidants or Enzymes

19
Q

What are some examples of antioxidants and how do they work?

A

block synthesis or inactivate free radicals (ex Vit C&E, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin

20
Q

How do enzymes inactivate free radicals

A
  1. Superoxide dismutase - converts superoxide to H202
  2. Catalase - decomposes H202
    3.Glutathione peroxidase - decomposes OH and H20
21
Q

Describe chemical cell injury

A

biochemical interactions between a toxic substance and cell’s plasma membrane leading to damage and increased permeability

22
Q

What are the two main mechanisms of chemical injury

A

Direct toxicity (lead poisening, outcompeting) & Conversion to toxic intermediate or metabolites (free radicals & lipid peroxidation)

23
Q

What are the two major defense mechanisms against chemical damage

A

detoxification enzymes/cofactors (CYP450) & antioxidant systems

24
Q

What are the 4 types of diagnostic reasoning NPs can use to create hypothesis and DDX

A
  1. possibilistic - all possible conditions
  2. probabilistic - most likely
  3. Prognostic - unlikely but dangerous possibilities
  4. Pragmatic - easily treatable
25
Q

What are two things to avoid during diagnostic reasoning

A

early anchoring and premature closing

Module 2 - Hematology (3 decks)

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