Basic Psychology

Question 1

The most important and common bedside test that is used in demonstrating age-associated memory impairment would be;

Select one:
1. Delayed recall
2. Orientation to time and place
3. Immediate recall
4. Naming objects
5. Attention and calculation

Answer 1

Delayed recall

Approximately 40% of individuals aged 65 and over show AAMI. Cognitive testing has demonstrated that
memory for non-verbal material seems to be more affected by aging than memory for verbal material, and delayed recall is more affected than immediate recall. Here the subject is given a list of 20 words and then ask him or her to recall as many as possible in 20 minutes. Finally, the score is compared with standardised scores for the given age.

Question 2

Which conditioning is involved in the aetiology of both agoraphobia and of obsessional rituals?

Select one:
1. Classical conditioning
2. Forced conditioning
3. Backward conditioning
4. Operant conditioning
5. Avoidance conditioning

Answer 2

Avoidance conditioning

The term aversive conditioning refers to situations in which behavior is motivated by the threat of an
unpleasant stimulus. There are two main categories of behavior under aversive control: avoidance behavior
and escape behavior. Escape conditioning occurs when the animal learns to perform an operant to
terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus. It is a “get me out of here” or “shut this off” reaction, aimed at
escape from pain. The behavior that produces escape is negatively reinforced (reinforced by the elimination
of the unpleasant stimulus). For example, the jump of a rat from electrified platform onto a bowl of water is
an escape behavior. Escape conditioning is converted into avoidance conditioning by giving a signal before
the aversive stimulus starts. If the animal receives a cue or signal that an aversive stimulus is coming, then
after one or two occurrences of the punishing stimulus the cue will trigger an avoidance behavior. This kind
of learning occurs quickly and is very durable. For example, if you sounded a tone before you electrified the platform, after one or two trials the rat would respond to the tone by jumping into the water. It would not wait for the shock. Avoidance behaviors are very persistent even when there is no longer anything to avoid. The reason is that as a result of an avoidance reaction, one never experiences the aversive stimulus. But this serves as a negative reinforcement, providing a sense of relief. Because of this, avoidance behavior is self reinforcing.

Question 3

Mr. Z visited his doctor and following his visit he remembered the first few things they had been told better than subsequent information. What is the name of this tendency?

Select one:
1. Referred effect
2. Primary effect
3. Recency effect
4. Primacy effect
5. Preliminary effect

Answer 3

Primacy effect

Serial position effect: While memorising and recollecting a list of words both Primacy and Recency effects are seen. In free recall experiments, materials that were presented first are better recalled than items in the middle, which is called as primacy effect. Also items that are presented towards the end of the list are more likely to be remembered, which is called as Recency effect. Primacy is supposed to be due to LTM as consolidation has occurred in the sufficient time between learning the first word and testing recall. Recency is due to STM where last heard words are freshly retained.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes Ribot’s law in memory disturbances?

Select one:
1. In organic amnesia remote memory content is lost before recent content.
2. In organic amnesia recent memory content is lost before remote content.
3. In dissociative amnesia anterograde amnesia is dense.
4. In organic amnesia anterograde amnesia cannot occur without retrograde loss.
5. In dissociative amnesia recent memory content is lost before remote content.

Answer 4

In organic amnesia recent memory content is lost before remote content.

Ribot’s Law refers to progressive amnesia as a temporal gradient going from the most recent to the oldest memories

Question 5

Raven’s progressive matrices test is used to assess

Select one:
1. Premorbid intelligence
2. Frontal lobe functions
3. General intellectual ability
4. Visuospatial ability
5. Attentional bias

Answer 5

General intellectual ability

Raven’s Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven’s Matrices) are multiple-choice intelligence
tests of abstract reasoning that provide culturally unbiased IQ estimates. Rey Osterrieth test comprises of copying a complex figure initially and then reproducing it from immediate and delayed recall that tests both visual memory and constructional ability

Question 6

Which one among the following statements regarding needs and motivation is incorrect?

Select one:
1. According to Yerkes-Dodson curve, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between
arousal (motivation) and performance level
2. According to Canon’s homeostatic theory, changes in homeostatic system triggers
processes aimed at restoration of system
3. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Needs at the previous level need to be
satisfied before one can progress to the next level
4. According to Drive reduction theory, motivation of behaviour is to decrease the arousal
associated with basic drives
5. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, cognitive needs precede esteem needs

Answer 6

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, cognitive needs precede esteem needs

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Maslow is best known for his hierarchy of needs in which he proposed that
basic needs such as the physiological needs of hunger and thirst must be satisfied before the higher needs
(such as esteem and self actualisation) can be achieved. Physiological needs, safety needs, Love and
belongingness needs, esteem needs, Cognitive needs, Aesthetic needs and self-actualisation needs.
Cannon postulated the homeostatic drive theory. According to this theory, changes in homeostatic system triggers processes aimed at restoration of system. Basic needs (biological needs), being self-regulating, function homeostatically. According to Yerkes-Dodson curve, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal (motivation) and performance level. As the level of emotional arousal increases, so does performance efficiency, to an optimum level. As the emotional arousal increases above this point, performance starts to deteriorate The drive reduction theory by Hull: According to this theory, motivation of behaviour is to decrease the arousal associated with basic drives e.g. thirst but doesn’t explain curiosity
motives and the theory is generally rejected.

Question 7

Compulsions provide short-term relief of obsessional anxiety. The learning principle operating here is

Select one:
1 Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Reciprocal inhibition
4. Punishment
5. Reward orientation

Answer 7

Negative reinforcement

Compulsions provide short-term relief of obsessional anxiety via negative reinforcement. When practicing
compulsive rituals, anxiety is acutely reduced. This provides a reinforcement to practice the compulsions
repeatedly. In other words the termination of the aversive anxiety cued by obsessions, increases or stamps in the compulsive behaviour that removed the anxiety, without addressing the core of obsessions.

Question 8

Learned helplessness has been invoked to explain the aetiology of;

Select one:
1. Obsessive compulsive disorders
2. Psychosomatic disorders
3. Anxiety disorders
4. Psychotic disorders
5. Depressive disorders

Answer 8

Depressive disorders

Learned helplessness: This is the tendency of an organism to give up trying to avoid or escape from an
unpleasant stimulus because in the past all their attempts at so doing had been frustrated. Dogs were given electric shocks and prevented from escaping but after repeated shocks the dogs would no longer try to
escape, even when a fairly obvious means of escape was made available and this was invoked to explain
the etiology of depression.

Question 9

Tip of the tongue state is a well investigated example of

Select one:
1. Context dependent memory
2. Blocking
3. Encoding failure
4. Failure of prospective memory
5. State dependent memory

Answer 9

Blocking

Sometimes people may have the experience that we know the answer we are seeking but cannot quite find
it and this feeling is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, also abbreviated as TOT phenomenon.
This is a well investigated example of Blocking, which is one of the ‘retrieval failure’ theories of forgetting.
Blocking is said to occur when the subjects are unable to access information that they know exists in their
memory despite great efforts at recalling even in the presence of retrieval cues. TOT states may last for few
seconds or for a few days.

Question 10

A reinforced operant response weakens when the reinforcement is ceased. This is called

Select one:
1. Stimulus decoupling
2. Stimulus sensitisation
3. Extinction
4. Stimulus discrimination
5. Stimulus incubation

Answer 10

Extinction

Extinction is typically studied within the Pavlovian fear conditioning framework in which extinction refers to
the reduction in a conditioned response (CR; e.g., fear response/freezing) when a conditioned stimulus
(CS; e.g., neutral stimulus/light or tone) is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned
stimulus (US; e.g., foot shock/loud noise) with which it has been previously paired.

Question 11

Which of the following is correct concerning sensory memory?. Sensory memory has

Select one:
1. Small capacity but memories are unprocessed and of long duration (>0.5s)
2. Small capacity and memories are unprocessed and of very short duration (<0.5s)
3. Large capacity but memories are unprocessed and of very short duration (<0.5s)
4. Large capacity but memories are unprocessed and of long duration (>0.5s)
5. Large capacity but memories are processed and of very short duration (<0.5s)

Answer 11

Large capacity but memories are unprocessed and of very short duration

Sensory memory retains the transient impression of a sensory stimulus even after the stimulus itself has
ceased. Imagine, seeing an object. Even after the object has disappeared, it may still be vivid in your
memory. It has a large capacity, but objects are unprocessed.

Question 12

Timeout refers to a technique that is aimed at

Select one:
1. Generalising a learnt behaviour
2. Reducing desirable behaviour
3. Increasing unwanted behaviour
4. Learning new behaviour
5. Reducing unwanted behaviour

Answer 12

Reducing unwanted behaviour

Time out or loss of privileges are used as negative reinforcement strategies to reduce unwanted behaviours in children.

Question 13

A family has got a new dog. A 3-year-old child in the family is afraid of dogs and would stay in the same
room with the dog only if he could sit on his mother’s lap and had his favourite ice cream. Select the
learning theory principle employed here

Select one:
1. Reciprocal inhibition
2. Avoidance learning
3. Classical conditioning
4. Operant conditioning
5. Extinction

Answer 13

Reciprocal inhibition

This scenario is an example of reciprocal inhibition (Wolpe). This principle states that two opposing
emotions cannot stay together for long time - one will reciprocally inhibit the other. Comfort with mother and
ice-cream conflicts with discomfort produced by the dog - eventually the dog stops eliciting discomfort. This
principle underlies most psychological therapies for anxiety disorders.

Question 14

The modification of memories in terms of one’s general attitude is called

Select one:
1. False memory syndrome
2. Semantic memory
3. Repressed memory
4. Flashbulb memory
5. Retrospective falsification

Answer 14

Retrospective falsification

Unconscious distortion of memory, as dictated by one’s present psychological needs, is called as
Retrospective Falsification. People who retrospectively falsify a story also tend to embellish the positive and
delete the negative aspects of the situation. Example: During marital conflicts argument ensues over the
partners’ differing recollections of their original verbal exchanges.

Question 15

A group of subjects studying molecular biology were asked to solve Multiple choice questions. What mode
of retrieval is this?

Select one:
1. Recall
2. Reintegration
3. Reconstruction
4. Re-learning
5. Recognition

Answer 15

Recognition

Modes of retrieval (LTM transferred onto STM) are through
1.Recognition (solving MCQs)
2.Recall (actively searching and reproducing), 3.Reintegration/reconstruction (recollection of past experiences based on certain cues). An eyewitness testimony is a reconstructive memory, which is a mode of retrieval from long term memory. However, a reconstructive memory of events as in eyewitness testimony is affected by the type of questioning asked to elicit the memory.

Question 16

Which one among the following is a secondary emotion?

Select one:
1. Fear
2. Joy
3. Love
4. Sadness
5. Anger

Answer 16

Love

Primary emotions-anger, disgust, joy, anticipation, fear, acceptance, surprise and sadness (classified by
Plutchik) .

Secondary emotions include love, contempt, submission and disappointment.

Question 17

A dysthymic patient vividly recalled the events that occurred when he was depressed but poorly recalled the events that occurred during happier times. This is an example of

Select one:
1. Failure of prospective memory
2. Context dependent memory
3. Blocking
4. Encoding failure
5. State dependent memory

Answer 17

State dependent memory

State-dependent memory; It is a phenomenon in which the retrieval cue at the time of encoding information is one’s internal state rather than the external context. These might be psychological or physiological (being nervous, drunk, etc.) e.g. a depressed patient will normally tend to focus on events that happened during periods of depression and will have difficulty recalling more positive moments. The other common observation is seen in alcoholics, who when sober cannot recall what occurred when drunk, only to remember again next time when he/she drink too much.

Question 18

A 45-year-old man was admitted to the acquired brain injury unit with severe memory impairment. Which of
the common clinical tests can be used to test his immediate memory?

Select one:
1. Recall of last meal
2. Recall of distant personal events
3. Recall of items after 5 minutes
4. Recall of recent topics in news
5. Digit span

Answer 18

Digit span

The terms used in psychology and psychiatry are somewhat different which could lead to some confusion.

The terms used in psychology are short term memory (immediate memory in psychiatry) and long-term
memory (recent memory and remote memory in psychiatry). Digit span tests immediate memory (STM).
Recollection of a name and an address after 5 minutes is seen as a test of recent memory (which, in fact, is
a part of LTM and should not be considered as a test of STM).

Question 19

Mr. Z was admitted to a neuropsychiatric unit with a diagnosis of an amnesic syndrome. He was referred to
psychology for psychometric testing. Which of the following would be unimpaired in formal testing?

Select one:
1. Episodic memory of recent past
2. Anterograde memory
3. New learning
4. Immediate memory
5. Delayed recall

Answer 19

Immediate memory

Various disorders can give rise to amnesic syndromes (E.g. hypoxia, herpes encephalitis) and the features
would include
1. Unimpaired immediate memory.
2. The presence of anterograde amnesia- inability to
acquire new information (impaired delayed recall)
3. The presence of retrograde amnesia of variable extent and severity
4. Unimpaired global intellectual abilities
5. Unimpaired implicit memory

Question 20

Which of the following theorists proposed six basic emotions?

Select one:
1. Ekman
2. Lorenz
3. Cannon and Bard
4. James and Lange
5. Ainsworth

Answer 20

Ekman

According to Paul Ekman, the six basic emotions are sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. These emotions combine in different ways to form other emotions, including compassion, boredom, embarrassment, rage, hunger, and more.

Question 21

According to Ebbinghaus curve, there is a sharp drop in forgetting over

Select one:
1. First eighteen hours
2. First seven days
3. First twenty four hours
4. First one month
5. First nine hours

Answer 21

First nine hours

Hermann Ebbinghaus plotted the forgetting curve by plotting proportion of words retained in memory
against time. The curve shows a sharp drop over the first nine hours and particularly during the first hour.
After nine hours, the rate of forgetting slows and declines little thereafter, even after the lapse of 31 days.

The main findings from his and other studies are; Forgetting is maximum in the first few hours and the rate of forgetting gets less with time. Forgetting is never complete and some information is retained over longer periods of time, even for life. Recalling the material during the test period increases the probability of remembering items or events. Continuous motor skills such as cycling and swimming etc show no forgetting at all. But discrete motors kills such as typing are lost more quickly.

Question 22

Which one among the following is not one of the Gestalt principles of perception?

Select one:
1. Similarity
2. Continuity
3. Closure
4. Familiarity
5. Proximity

Answer 22

Familiarity

The Gestalt principles of perception would include proximity, closure, similarity, continuity and symmetry.
According to Gestalt principles, we tend to perceive whole objects rather than parts. The perceptual systemin our brains employs these principles to enable us perceive unified forms rather than simple collections of unconnected images.

Question 23

The principle of combining separate pieces of information into one meaningful combination is called

Select one:
1. Encoding
2. Primacy effect
3. Chunking
4. Sensory storage
5. Recency effect

Answer 23

Chunking

Chunking is a method of increasing the capacity of short-term memory by combining units or information
(usually numbers) into chunks. By doing so, impressive feats of memory can result. For example the
numbers 1,5,2,3,5.2,5,8,5,3,7,8 would normally overload our short term memory but if they are arranged into chunks 152, 352, 585, 378, they become a lot more manageable. The capacity of STM according to Miller is 7+/- 2, as evident while testing digit span. By chunking, larger information could be sorted into 7+/-2 items and effectively stored.

Question 24

The storage of information in pure form without specification of time and place is called

Select one:
1. Semantic memory
2. Episodic memory
3. Absolute memory
4. Schemas
5. Declarative memory

Answer 24

Semantic memory

Semantic memory is an important part of declarative memory and is concerned with remembering facts,
ideas and concepts. It refers to what is known rather than when and how the knowledge was acquired. Eg
in answering a question ‘what is the capital of Scotland’, one is using semantic memory. Most abstract knowledge consists of material drawn from semantic memory.

Question 25

A 55-year-old heavy alcoholic was admitted to the medical ward after sustaining a major fall. He has severe Anterograde amnesia and extensive retrograde memory loss. However his working memory and procedural memory are unimpaired. What is his most likely diagnosis? Select one: 1. Psychogenic amnesia 2. Transient organic amnesia 3. Korsakoff's syndrome 4. Wernicke's encephalopathy 5. Early stages of Alcoholic dementia

Answer 25

Korsakoff's syndrome Korsakoff's syndrome: It is a form of an amnesic syndrome often occurring in patients with a history of severe alcohol abuse leading to thiamine deficiency. The patient may have severe Anterograde amnesia and extensive retrograde memory loss. This retrograde memory loss includes autobiographical memory loss with relative sparing of the most distant memories. Working memory and procedural memory are unimpaired. The pathological features are mostly found in paraventricular and periaqueductal grey matter, thalamus and mamillary bodies.

Question 26

Of all sensory systems, the system least developed at birth is Select one: 1. Vision 2. Smell 3. Taste 4. Touch 5. Balance

Answer 26

Vision Of all the senses, sight is the least developed at birth; visual acuity in newborns is about 20/300

Question 27

A 59-year-old man played Lotto consistently with the desire to win big one day. He has won small amounts of money on certain occasions. What is the reinforcement schedule demonstrated by his behaviour? Select one: 1. Fixed ratio 2. Variable interval 3. None of the above 4. Fixed interval 5. Variable ratio

Answer 27

Variable ratio In variable ratio schedule, every nth response is rewarded on average, but the gap between two rewarded responses may be very small or fairly large; this schedule is found in fishing and gambling. This schedule is very resistant to extinction.

Question 28

A candidate who is attempting his final exam before graduation thinks that he is going to fail the whole exam as he has got one 'obvious question' wrong. He is exhibiting Select one: 1. Overgeneralisation 2. Rationalisation 3. Projection 4. Denial 5. Splitting

Answer 28

Overgeneralisation Generalising a small element to the whole is called overgeneralization- e.g. A depressed schoolteacher thinks "one student in the class is sleeping so the entire class is bored of my lecture."

Question 29

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement concerning sensory memory? Select one: 1. Sensory memory is modality specific 2.Each sense has its own sensory memory e.g. iconic (visual), echoic (auditory) etc. 3. Information is processed in sensory memory. 4. It has a large capacity but gets disrupted by inflow of new information in same modality 5. Information that is attended to is transferred to short-term memory store and information that is not selected for processing is rapidly lost.

Answer 29

Information is processed in sensory memory. Sensory memory: This is modality specific, has a large capacity but gets disrupted by the inflow of new information in the same modality. Each sense has its own sensory memory e.g. iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), etc. Iconic mode lasts for 0.5 seconds while echoic mode lasts for 2 seconds. No processing is involved in sensory memory. Information that is attended to is transferred to short-term memory store, and information that is not selected for processing is rapidly lost.

Question 30

Which one among the following is not correctly paired? Select one: 1. Pavlov-Classical conditioning 2. Thorndike-Law of effect 3. Tolman-Latent learning 4. Skinner-Modelling 5. Kohler-insight learning

Answer 30

Skinner - Modelling Modelling is a type of observational learning, explained by the social learning theory, and Bandura is the key name associated with it.

Question 31

A medical student becomes more comfortable in the anatomy laboratory after several weeks of exposure to it. Which of the following explains this process? Select one: 1. Positive reinforcement 2. Habituation 3. Negative reinforcement 4. Modeling 5. Classical conditioning

Answer 31

Habituation The decline in responsiveness or reaction to the repeated presentation of a stimulus is known as habituation.

Question 32

In a scientific experiment, a neutral stimulus (a bell) is paired with a stimulus (food) that produces an autonomic response (salivation). Which of the following learning mechanisms has been employed? Select one: 1. Systematic desensitisation 2. Shaping 3. Chaining 4. Operant conditioning 5. Classical conditioning

Answer 32

Classical conditioning Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning. It was first described by Ivan Pavlov working on the conditioned reflex. He was able to take an autonomic reflex (e.g., salivation to food) that was thought to be unconditioned and demonstrated that it could be conditioned to respond to a new stimulus (e.g., a bell) if the new stimulus was presented along with or prior to the unconditioned stimulus (food). After a number of such presentations, the new stimulus (bell) would elicit the autonomic unconditioned response.

Question 33

Skinner's operant conditioning is based on which of the following principles? Select one: 1. An association is learnt without overt behavioural expression 2. A response gets paired with a consequence 3. A response gets paired with its probability 4. A response gets paired with an inernal stimulus 5. A stimulus gets paired with a response

Answer 33

A response gets paired with a consequence Skinner believed that the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is correct concerning people with Type B personalities? Select one: They may be high achievers and workaholics They cope poorly when under stress All of the above They show impatience and are incapable of relaxation They show high competitiveness, hostility and aggression

Answer 34

They cope poorly when under stress Type A persons show impatience, excessive time consciousness, insecurity, high competitiveness, hostility and aggression and are incapable of relaxation. They may be high achievers and workaholics. Type B persons are relaxed, and easy-going, creative, often self-analyze and evade stress but cope poorly whenunder stress.

Question 35

Wechsler Adult intelligence scales (WAIS-R) are for people Select one: Aged 15 and over 7 to 16 year olds Aged 18 and over 3 to 7 year olds Aged 16 and over

Answer 35

Aged 16 and over Wechsler Adult intelligence scales-R is for those aged 16 and over. Wechsler intelligence scales for children is for those aged 7 to 16 years. Wechsler preschool and primary intelligence is for 3 to 7.5 year old children.

Question 36

Intelligent behaviors arise from a balance between analytical, creative and physical abilities. This notion refers to which of the following? Select one: 1. Sternberg's theory 2. Spearman's theory 3. Cyril Burt's two factor model 4. Cattell & Horn intelligence model 5. Stanford-Binet theory

Answer 36

Sternberg's theory Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of (Successful) Intelligence contends that intelligent behaviour arises from a balance between analytical, creative and practical abilities, and that these abilities function collectively to allow individuals to achieve success within particular sociocultural contexts (Sternberg, 1999).

Question 37

A good test for recent memory is to ask patients which of the following? Select one: 1. To subtract 7 from 100 2. Their date of birth 3. Spell WORLD backwards 4. What they had to eat for their last meal 5. Who is the prime minister of UK

Answer 37

What they had for their last meal Recent memory is the ability to remember what has been experienced within the past few minutes (Recall of items after five minutes), hours (Recall of last meal), days (Recall of recent topics in news). Remote memory is the ability to remember events in the distant past (weeks to years). This can be tested by inquiring about important dates in their lives such as date of birth, date of marriage and how many siblings they have.

Question 38

Strongest learning occurs when the delay is; Select one: 1. More than 0.5 seconds 2. More than 5 seconds 3. Less than 5 seconds 4. Less than 0.5 seconds 5. More than 0.05 seconds

Answer 38

Less than 0.5 seconds Longer the delay, the weaker the learning

Question 39

A rat receives positive reinforcement (a food pellet) for pressing a bar that turns on a red light, but not an adjacent bar that turns on a green light. The process that best explains this is Select one: 1. Chaining 2. Operant conditioning 3. Containing 4. Systematic desensitization 5. Shaping

Answer 39

Operant conditioning Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning, was formulated by Thorndike and later developed by Skinner. In operant conditioning, a new behavioral response is learned, as compared with classical conditioning in which a new stimulus is conditioned (learned) to elicit the same response or behavior. In operant conditioning, reinforcement becomes the key stimulus that increases the likelihood that the desired behavior will be repeated or strengthened.

Question 40

Which of the following is true regarding processes that govern formation of various types of memory? Select one: 1. Attention allows decoding long term memory store 2. Lack of attention leads to forgetting 3. Attention allows short-term memory to enter long-term memory store 4. Attention allows sensory memory to enter short term memory store 5. Lack of attention leads to delay in recall

Answer 40

Attention allows sensory memory to enter short term memory store Attention is a key process that enables sensory memory traces to enter into short term memory.

Question 41

Which of the following can test abstract reasoning? Select one: 1. Digit symbol substitution test 2. Clock drawing test 3. Trail making test 4. n-back test 5. Goldstein's card sorting test

Answer 41

Goldstein's card sorting test The Goldstein-Scheerer Color Form Sorting Test was initially designed to test abstract reasoning (concept formation rather than the simple identification of abstract rules). Wisconsin card sorting test is a descendant of Goldstein task and it tests concept identification rather than formation.

Question 42

Which of the following is a projective test of personality? Select one: 1. Cattell's 16 PF test 2. Eysenck's personality inventory 3. Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory 4. International personality disorder examination 5. Thematic Apperception test

Answer 42

Thematic Apperception test Murray was the proponent of projective personality tests though the first test produced was Rorschach's ink blots. Thematic Apperception Test (Murray), Draw-a-person test, sentence completion tests are other examples.

Question 43

People can only attend to one physical channel of information at a time'-Which theory of attention states this? Select one: 1. Broadbent's filter theory of attention 2. Cocktail party phenomenon 3. Dichotic listening experiments 4. Attenuator model of selective attention 5. Shiffrin and Schneider's divided attention theory

Answer 43

Broadbent's filter theory of attention Dichotic listening experiments show that alternative information is simultaneously processed and can be attended to if required. Here one kind of information is selected for attention and it is called as selective or focused attention. Broadbent conducted dichotic listening experiments and he suggested that "our mind can be conceived as a radio receiving many channels at once". He supposed that in brain there exists a type of audio filter in our brain that selects which channel we should pay attention to from the many kinds of sounds perceived. Broadbent proposed that the filter lies between the sensory buffer and short-term store (what is now called working memory) that prevents overloading memory. This is called Broadbent's filter theory.

Question 44

Mr. X was seen in the psychiatric outpatient clinic. He complains of absent-mindedness and is failing to take medications and keep appointments. This is due to Select one: 1. Failure of conditioning 2. Failure of encoding 3. Failure of context dependent memory 4. Failure of prospective memory 5. Failure of State dependent memory

Answer 44

Failure of prospective memory Failure of prospective memory is a common cause of absent mindedness. Prospective memory is the ability to carry out particular actions or perform planned actions and appears to involve the prefrontal lobes of the brain. This is one of the findings/theories of retrieval failure.

Question 45

A person cannot have two opposing physiological states at the same time. For example, it is not possible to be relaxed and anxious simultaneously. In learning theory, this notion is called Select one: 1. Stimulus preparedness 2. Learned helplessness 3. Reciprocal inhibition 4. Cognitive dissonance 5. Participant modelling

Answer 45

Reciprocal inhibition When anxiety and a relaxed state are co-existent, then anxiety reduces - this is called as reciprocal inhibition.

Question 46

A fear of spiders extending itself to a fear of other insects is an example of what behavioral phenomenon? Select one: 1. Stimulus discrimination 2. Stimulus generalisation 3. Stimulus incubation 4. Stimulus sensitisation 5. Stimulus decoupling

Answer 46

Stimulus generalisation Stimulus generalisation or primary generalisation is the tendency for stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a learning paradigm to produce a response approximating that learnt under the original condition. A generalisation gradient can be drawn up showing that the more similar the stimuli, the more similar the responses.

Question 47

Increase in the strength of the response following brief but repeated exposure to the stimulus is called Select one: 1. Stimulus generalisation 2. Habituation 3. Incubation 4. Extinction 5. Stimulus preparedness

Answer 47

Incubation Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. It is a concept in classical conditioning. It can be delayed by random reinforcement during the acquisition phase. Incubation refers to increase in the strength of a response following brief but repeated exposures to a stimulus. In habituation, the successive presentation of a stimulus, which elicits a response eventually, leads to decrease in the intensity of that response. Stimulus generalisation is a concept in classical conditioning. It refers to the process by which CR gets generalised to other stimuli that are similar to the CS. The fear that a child with a spider phobia shows towards insects is an example of stimulus generalisation. Humans are biologically predisposed to react with fear to certain stimuli. This is stimulus preparedness and here conditioning occurs more quickly and more resistant to extinction in the case of such prepared stimuli e.g. snake phobias.

Question 48

All of the following are true with respect to coping process when faced with a life stressor except Select one: 1. In emotion-focused coping the individual alters his emotional self-appraisal to the stressful situation 2. During primary appraisal the individual evaluates his resources to cope 3. In problem-focused coping the individual attempts to change the stressful situation 4. Individuals employ a variety of different strategies to cope 5. There is no universally best strategy for coping

Answer 48

During primary appraisal the individual evaluates his resources to cope Primary appraisal - the individual evaluates the stressor. Secondary appraisal - the individual evaluates his resources and options available to manage the stressful situation.

Question 49

Mr. X was admitted to an intensive medical care unit following a severe head injury. On formal cognitive testing, he was unable to recall salient experiences in the days and weeks before the injury. What type of amnesia is this? Select one: 1. Hysterical amnesia 2. Post traumatic amnesia 3. Retrograde amnesia 4. Transient global amnesia 5. Anterograde amnesia

Answer 49

Retrograde amnesia The loss of episodic memories that were stored before brain damage had occurred is known as retrograde amnesia. Many patients may have lost the ability to form or retain new episodic memories, a condition called anterograde amnesia. Transient global amnesia is caused by transient cerebral ischemia causing a temporary lack of blood supply to the regions of the brain concerned with memory functions. The main features include sudden onset of severe anterograde amnesia with a retrograde amnesia for the preceding days or weeks. Sometimes amnesic episodes may occur in patients who have had no brain injury but who have suffered a traumatic or emotionally disturbing life event, and it is called hysterical amnesia.

Question 50

The strategies to improve encoding includes all except Select one: 1. Using imageries 2. Mnemonics 3. Using primacy-Recency effects 4. Cueing 5. Chunking

Answer 50

Cueing Strategies to improve encoding include - order and sorting info, chunking, mnemonics, using imageries, adding importance and salience to the info and using primacy-Recency effects. Retrieval can be helped by cueing and reinstatement of learning context. The more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation, the better retrieval. This is called encoding specificity principle.

Question 51

Which of the following is a feature of Type A personality? Select one: 1. High competitiveness 2. Being relaxed 3. Being patient 4. Evading stress 5. Easy-going without time pressure

Answer 51

High competitiveness Friedman and Rosenman introduced Type A / Type B personality classification. Type A persons show impatience, excessive time consciousness, insecurity, high competitiveness, hostility and aggression and are incapable of relaxation. They may be high achievers and workaholics. Type B persons are relaxed and easy-going; creative, often self-analyze and evade stress but cope poorly when under stress.

Question 52

A child was told to finish homework tasks before he can play outside. This is based on Select one: 1. Cognitive mapping 2. Reciprocal inhibition 3. Classical conditioning 4. Premack's principle 5. Operant conditioning

Answer 52

Premack's principle Premack's principle states that high-frequency or high-probability behaviours can be used as a reinforcement for low-probability behaviors. To make a person perform an undesirable, low-frequency act, the contingency of a desirable and preferable activity can be tied to the occurrence of the undesirable act. This is what grandmothers do when they say "eat the spinach, I will then give you a candy".

Question 53

Which one among the following refers to the act of bringing past experiences as they happened into conscious awareness? Select one: 1. Recall 2. Relearning 3. Recognition 4. Reintegration 5. Recollection

Answer 53

Reintegration The process of recalling an entire memory from a partial cue, like remembering a speech upon hearing the first few words, is called reintegration.

Question 54

Which of the following is not a component of the Big Five Theory of personality? Select one: Capacity Agreeableness Openness Neuroticism Extraversion

Answer 54

Capacity The Big Five are five broad factors (dimensions) of personality traits. They include 1. Extraversion which encompasses more specific traits as talkative, energetic, and assertiveness. 2. Agreeableness which includes sympathetic, kind and affectionate approach. 3. Conscientiousness that includes traits such as being organised, thorough, and planful. 4. Neuroticism which includes traits like being tense, moody and anxious. 5. Openness to Experience which includes traits like having wide interests, being imaginative and insightful. (In short, the Big Five includes five traits, each beginning with the alphabets of the word OCEAN)

Question 55

The traits included in 'big five' theory include all except Select one: Conscientiousness Neuroticism Psychoticism Openness Extraversion

Answer 55

Psychoticisim OCEAN stands for Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Question 56

A psychologist performed paired associates test on a 71-year-old man complaining of memory loss. This test is useful to check Select one: Intelligence Verbal memory Premorbid IQ Attention Visual memory

Answer 56

Verbal memory Paired associates test is a test of verbal memory. In this test, subjects are asked to remember a set of related and unrelated pairs of words. Normally, remembering related word pairs is easier than the unrelated pairs. But patients with Alzheimer's disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment perform equally poorly on both arms of the test.

Question 57

Which of the following would demonstrate declarative memories? Select one: 1. Knowledge of how to drive a car 2. Knowledge of how to ride a bike 3. Knowledge of capital of different countries 4. Knowledge of how to swim 5. Knowledge of how to write a letter

Answer 57

Knowledge of capital of different countries Declarative memory refers to the recollection of events, facts and information. It has two components; episodic and semantic memory. It is tested by tests of recall and recognition. Episodic memory; refers to memories for events and personal experiences from the past. It contains memory for specific episodes in one's life, and it is also sometimes known as autobiographical memory. The semantic memory includes factual knowledge of the world and is concerned with remembering facts, ideas and concepts. Non declarative memory; refers to a collection of abilities and skills that has been acquired previously. It is made of procedural memory for skills and habits, priming, classical conditioning and non-associative learning

Question 58

Which one among the following cannot be consciously inspected? Select one: 1. Autobiographical memory 2. Semantic memory 3. Episodic memory 4. Declarative memory 5. Non declarative memory

Answer 58

Non declarative memory Non declarative memory; refers to a collection of abilities and skills that has been acquired previously. This cannot be consciously inspected and does not involve conscious recollection of a previous experience. It is made of procedural memory (memory for motor, perceptual and intuitive cognitive skills- E.g. driving a car, riding a bike), priming, classical conditioning and non-associative learning. Procedural memory often involves skills and is also sometimes known as skills memory.

Question 59

Mr. X mentioned that he has vivid memories of where he was, what he was doing and was even able to remember other fine details, when he heard the news of suicide bombing of the twin towers in 2001. These memories have been termed as Select one: 1. Selective memory 2. Flashbulb memories 3. Autobiographical memory 4. Procedural memory 5. Semantic memory

Answer 59

Flashbulb memories Episodic memory is autobiographical, self-focused spatio-temporal memory. Flashbulb memory is a special episodic memory where people remember clearly where and what they were doing at times of specific global events like September 11, 2001, etc.

Question 60

Cognitive processing during social learning includes all except Select one: 1. Motivation to act 2. Judgement 3. Semantic encoding of observed behaviour 4. Attention 5. Retention and rehearsal

Answer 60

Judgement Cognitive processing during social learning involves various domains: 1. Attention to observed behaviour is the basic element in learning. 2. Visual image and semantic encoding of observed behaviour memory 3.Memory permanence via retention and rehearsal 4. Motor copying of the behaviour and imitative reproduction 5. Motivation to act.

Question 61

Mr. Y has amnesia following traumatic brain injury involving the hippocampus. Which of the following would be spared? Select one: None of the above Episodic memory Procedural memory Semantic memory Autobiographical memory

Answer 61

Procedural memoryNon declarative memory cannot be considered as a system and is a collection of memory for a variety of tasks. One key finding has been that in patients with damage to the hippocampus and associated structures these skills are spared.

Question 62

When carried out in imagination, Immediate exposure to elements at the top of the hierarchy without any gradation of anxiety-inducing stimuli is termed as; Select one: 1. Implosion 2. Covert sensitisation 3. Avoidance 4. Flooding 5. Discriminative stimulus

Answer 62

Implosion Immediate exposure to elements at the top of the hierarchy without any gradation of anxiety-inducing stimuli is called as 'flooding' when carried out in vivo and called as 'implosion therapy' when done through imagination.

Question 63

Which of the following describes Eysenck's model of personality traits? Select one: 1. Neuroticism, depression, psychoticism 2. Neuroticism, apathy, psychoticism 3. Neuroticism, extroversion, introversion 4. Neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism 5. Neuroticism, introversion, psychoticism

Answer 63

Neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism Eysenck's theory is also called the three-factor theory or the P-E-N theory. The three higher-order factors are extraversion-introversion; neuroticism-stability and psychoticism impulse control. His work asserts that the P-E-N dimensions are biologically based and largely heritable.

Question 64

Which of the following test can be used to determine pre-morbid intelligence of a 70-year-old coal miner who shows signs of cognitive impairment? Select one: 1. National Adult Reading Test 2. Rey-Osterrieth Complex figure test 3. Minnesota Multiphasic inventory 4. Wechsler's Adult Intelligence Test - block design subtest 5. Trail making test B

Answer 64

National Adult Reading Test To determine premorbid IQ NART - National Adult Reading Test can be used. Other tests include Weschler's test for Adult reading, Barona demographic equation method and matrix reasoning subtest of WAIS-R.

Question 65

The memories closest to a disruptive event are most vulnerable to loss. This is called Select one: 1. Senile hypothesis 2. Dwarf hypothesis 3. Ribot's hypothesis 4. Moral hypothesis 5. Glutamate hypothesis

Answer 65

Ribot's hypothesis Consolidation is perhaps most often suggested as an explanation for the gradient in retrograde amnesia (Alvarez and Squire, 1994; Mc Clelland et al. , 1995; Murre, 1996) . After damage to the hippocampal memory system, patients tend to lose more of their recent than of their remote memories (Kim and Fanselow, 1992; Kopelman, 1989; Squire, 1992) . This pattern will here be referred to as the Ribot gradient after Theodule Ribot, who first suggested that recent memories might be more vulnerable to brain damage than remote memories (Ribot, 1881) . The Ribot gradient can be explained by assuming that memories are first dependent on a hippocampal memory system for their retrieval. Through consolidation memories gradually become stored in the neocortex, making them independent of the hippocampal system (Squire and Alvarez, 1995; Squire et al. , 1984) . If the hippocampal system is damaged, recent memories are lost as they still depend on that system. Old memories have already been stored in the neocortex through consolidation and are thus spared. [Meeter and Muller 2004, Psychiatric Bulletin]

Question 66

Amnesic syndrome is characterised by a marked impairment in Select one: 1. Procedural memory 2. Working memory 3. Episodic memory 4. Semantic memory 5. Implicit memory

Answer 66

Episodic memory Amnesia refers to episodic memory loss

Question 67

All of the following are deficiency needs except Select one: 1. Aesthetic needs 2. Safety needs 3. Physiological needs 4. Love and belonging needs 5. Esteem needs

Answer 67

Aesthetic needs Maslow identified deficiency needs called D motives and growth needs (being) needs called B motives. He proposed a hierarchy of human needs with phylogenic and ontogenic evolution through the hierarchy. The needs become less biological as one ascends through the hierarchy. He described six sets, often represented by a pyramid, with physiological needs at the bottom and self actualization needs at the apex. Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and belonging needs and Esteem needs are referred to as deficiency needs. The higher needs come into focus only when the lower needs are satisfied, at least to some extent.

Question 68

Digit span test is administered to a patient with suspected cognitive impairment. Normal reverse digit span in a working age adult is Select one: 1. 10 ± 2 digits 2. 7 ± 1 digits 3. 7 ± 2 digits 4. 5 ± 2 digits 5. 4 ± 3 digits

Answer 68

5 ± 2 digits Normal forward span is 7 ± 2 digits; while the normal reverse span is 5 ± 2 digits.

Question 69

Which one of the following is a way of measuring personality along the dimensions of extroversion introversion and neuroticism-stability? Select one: 1. Rorschach ink blot test 2. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory 3. Draw a person test 4. Thematic apperception test 5. Eysenck Personality Inventory

Answer 69

Eysenck Personality Inventory EPI is a way of measuring personality along the dimensions of extroversion-introversion and neuroticism stability. The inventory also includes a lie scale.

Question 70

Which one among the following statements is true? Select one: 1. Positive reinforcement reduces the likelihood of a behaviour occurring 2. Negative reinforcement reduces the likelihood of a behaviour occurring 3. Intermittent reinforcement schedules result in acquired behaviours that are more resistant to extinction than behaviours induced by continuous reinforcement 4. Partial reinforcement leads to rapid acquisition and slower extinction of a response 5. In negative reinforcement, presentation of an aversive stimulus weakens the response

Answer 70

Intermittent reinforcement schedules result in acquired behaviours that are more resistant to extinction than behaviours induced by continuous reinforcement. Partial reinforcement leads to a slower acquisition and slower extinction of a response. In negative reinforcement, removal of an aversive stimulus strengthens the response while in punishment presentation of an aversive stimulus weakens the response. Food, water-primary reinforcers, which are thought to act through the reduction of basic drives/needs. Money, tokens, fame-secondary reinforcers and they derive their reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers.

Question 71

A socio-psychological approach is adopted by which of the following theories of motivation? Select one: 1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs 2. Drive reduction theory 3. Arousal reduction theory 4. Needs theory 5. Homeostatic theory

Answer 71

Needs theory The Homeostatic drive theory (Cannon), Drive reduction theory (Hull) and Arousal reduction theory (Hebb) are all based on biopsychological perspective, which examines the physiological motives such as hunger, thirst etc in humans and animals. They are also called as extrinsic motivation theories. The Needs theory and Goal theory, also called intrinsic motivation theories, are based on sociopsychological approach which addresses the cognitive motives behind people's complex behaviour in the context of their social situations such as work, family and society. Maslow's Hierarchy of needs is based on the humanistic approach that tries to explain why people strive to achieve higher and higher goals in an attempt to attain self-fulfillment.

Question 72

In a behavioural technique, actual exposure to feared stimulus takes place for a substantial amount of time, so the accompanying anxiety response fades away. This is called Select one: 1. Aversive conditioning 2. Covert reinforcement 3. Covert sensitisation 4. Flooding (in vivo) 5. Implosion (in vitro)

Answer 72

Flooding (in vivo) Implosion is 'in vitro', - imaginary exposure in behavioural therapy.

Question 73

Which one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs represents the need to develop a sense of personal worth and competence and the need for recognition by others? Select one: 1. Aesthetic and cognitive needs 2. Physiological needs 3. Self actualisation needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Motivation needs

Answer 73

Esteem needs Esteem needs- the need to develop a sense of personal worth and competence and the need for recognition by others. Aesthetic and cognitive needs- These are growth needs involving knowledge, understanding, beauty and symmetry. The need for self-actualisations is the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. According to Maslow, the following characters are seen in self-actualizing people. They are Spontaneous in their ideas and actions, Creative. Interested in solving problems, Appreciate life, Have a system of internalized independent morality and can view all things in an objective manner.

Question 74

Which one among the following statements regarding perception is incorrect? Select one: 1. The perceptual set is determined by factors both in the perceiver and in the stimulus. 2. The perceptual set is influenced by Emotions 3. Perceptual set' is the perceptual bias that predisposes the perceiver to notice only certain aspects of a stimulus and to ignore the other aspects. 4. The perceptual set is influenced by past experiences 5. Perceptual set predisposes the perceiver to notice all aspects of a stimulus simultaneously

Answer 74

Perceptual set predisposes the perceiver to notice all aspects of a stimulus simultaneously The perceptual set is the perceptual bias that predisposes the perceiver to notice only certain aspects of a stimulus and to ignore the other aspects. The perceptual set is determined by factors both in the perceiver and in the stimulus. The factors include the threshold for perception eg cocktail party phenomenon, personality, past experience, emotions (anxious people biased towards perception of threat-related stimuli), individual values (children exaggerate the size of coins), current drive state and environment (Eskimos recognise 100 different kinds of snow).

Question 75

Which of the following refers to the formation of initial memory traces? Select one: 1. Retention 2. Forgetting 3. Retrieval 4. Storage 5. Encoding

Answer 75

Encoding In all operations involving memory, three different processes are thought to occur. Encoding; It leads to the formation of initial memory traces and receives information from the outside. The encoding is acoustic in short term memory and semantic in long term memory. Storage: Retention of information and maintenance. Retrieval; Accessing and recovering information from memory stores.

Question 76

The commonest cause of long-term forgetting is Select one: 1. Failure in encoding at the time of the input 2. Retrieval failure 3. Failure of transfer of information from short term to long term memory 4. Failure of transfer of information from long term to short term memory 5. Failure in encoding at the time of retrieval

Answer 76

Retrieval failure The cause of long-term forgetting may be due to; Failure in encoding at the time of the input, failure of transfer of information from short-term to long term memory and retrieval failure (more commonly).

Question 77

Which of the following psychological theories is not concerned with the faculties of memory and forgetting? Select one: 1. Trace decay theory 2. Hierarchy theory 3. Interference theory 4. Repression 5. State dependent learning

Answer 77

Hierarchy theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is a theory of motivation/drives and not a theory of memory.

Question 78

Which among the following is defined as the basic building block or unit of intelligent behaviour? Select one: 1. Adaptation 2. Assimilation 3. Equilibration 4. Accommodation 5. Schema

Answer 78

Schema A schema is defined as the basic building block or unit of intelligent behaviour. Schemas consist of organised past experiences to understand future experiences. We have physical schemas such as bike riding schema and mental schemas such as addition, multiplication and division schema

Question 79

Which one among the following statements is true about classical conditioning? Select one: 1. Classical conditioning occurs when a new stimulus is repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus. 2. Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Skinner 3. Classical conditioning takes place irrespective of the nature of the unconditioned stimulus 4. Classical conditioning is a slow process depending on repeated presentations of the stimulus 5. In classical conditioning, the responses are often autonomic

Answer 79

In classical conditioning, the responses are often autonomic Classical conditioning: Learning takes place through repeated temporal association of two events. The learning organism is passive, respondent (i.e. shows an innate, reflexive response such as salivation) but not instrumental (i.e. does not actively operate on its environment). The responses are often autonomic/reflexive (e.g. salivation) Classical conditioning occurs when a new stimulus is repeatedly paired with a unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which is known to elicit a given unconditioned response (UCR). This results in the new stimulus becoming able to elicit the same response. Ivan Pavlov first demonstrated classical conditioning through experimental paradigms.

Question 80

George has a history of anxiety disorder. On visiting a church, he developed a sense of familiarity because his stored memories were brought into his consciousness. This phenomenon is called Select one: 1. Jamais vu 2. Recognition 3. Retrospective falsification 4. DeJa vu 5. False memory syndrome

Answer 80

Recognition Recognition refers to the retrieval of stored information from memory upon presenting cues that are previously learned. It is often contrasted with recall, which involves reproduction of remembered information without cues. The difference between recall and recognition is striking. While individuals may be able to recall some items that have been learned, they can recognize many more.

Question 81

In studies on arousal levels related to different emotions, which emotion produces the maximum rise in temperature compared to all other emotions; Select one: 1. Sadness 2. Disgust 3. Anger 4. Love 5. Fear

Answer 81

Anger Anger- maximum rise in temperature. Fear and Disgust- drop in temperature. Studies on emotions have shown that the heart rate increase produced by sadness is usually greater than that produced by happiness.

Question 82

HiY Basic Psychology 052 Flynn effect refers to which of the following phenomenon? Select one: 1. Increasing IQ with successive generations 2. Changes of IQ with cultural variations 3. If an IQ test is repeated on the same individual the score increases 4. Changes of IQ with language 5. If IQ of parents is high, then the IQ of the child is high.

Answer 82

Increasing IQ with successive generations Flynn effect refers to the generational increase in IQ scores. Flynn suggested that IQ tests do not measure intelligence but rather correlate with a weak causal link to intelligence (Flynn, 1987). Based on the presence of the effect on nonverbal tests such as the Raven's Matrices, Flynn believed that the generational IQ increase is due an improved problem-solving capacity rather than actual gain in intelligence.

Question 83

Which of the following is not a part of the Big Five personality traits? Select one: 1. Carefulness 2. Openness 3. Agreeableness 4. Neuroticism 5. Conscientiousness

Answer 83

Carefulness Big Five traits (McCrae and Costa 1992) include OCEAN - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. This has provided a unified framework for trait research. NEO decreases with age; AC increases with age.

Question 84

Mr. Y is admitted to a medical ward with a diagnosis of delirium. The cognitive deficit that is characteristic of delirium is Select one: 1. Long term memory impairment 2. Disorientation for time 3. Poor attention span 4. Visuospatial impairment 5. Short term memory impairment

Answer 84

Poor attention span Delirium occurs in many hospitalized older patients and has serious consequences including increased risk for death and admission to long-term care. Impaired attention is the cardinal feature of delirium.

Question 85

Which is a form of negative reinforcement used in the treatment of alcohol dependence? Select one: 1. Apomorphine treatment 2. Aversion therapy using electric shock 3. Covert sensitization 4. Disulfiram 5. Alcoholics anonymous

Answer 85

Disulfiram The use of disulfiram - a deterrent agent (also called alcohol-sensitizing drug) - is a form of behavioural modification with negative reinforcement used in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Question 86

In a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, the bell is ringed before the food is presented. But the bell continued till salivation appeared. This is called Select one: 1. Backward conditioning 2. Pseudoconditioning 3. Forward conditioning 4. Trace conditioning 5. Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 86

Forward conditioning In forward conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus, and the combined stimuli persist until the unconditioned response is elicited during the pairing.

Question 87

Which of the following test is a measure of nonverbal intelligence? Select one: 1. Sternberg triarchic abilities test 2. General aptitude test battery 3. Stanford binet test 4. Raven's progressive matrices 5. Weschler's adult intelligence scale

Answer 87

Raven's progressive matrices Raven's Progressive Matrices are used in the assessment of general cognitive abilities in children and adult. The Progressive Matrices usefully provide an assessment of non-verbal ability, an important feature in ethnically diverse populations

Question 88

In the alcoholic blackouts, the following type of memory loss is seen: Select one: 1. Anterograde amnesia due to failure to consolidation 2. Retrograde amnesia 3. Dissociative amnesia 4. Anterograde amnesia due to failure to recall 5. Both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Answer 88

Anterograde amnesia due to failure to consolidation A disruption in normal activity of hippocampus under the influence of alcohol can result in temporary failure of memory consolidation leading to anterograde amnesia for circumscribed periods. This is called as alcoholic blackout.

Question 89

Biofeedback can mainly modify which of the following functions? Select one: 1. Gastrointestinal function 2. Cardiovascular function 3. Musculoskeletal function 4. Respiratory function 5. Central nervous system function

Answer 89

Cardiovascular function Biofeedback involves the transmission to subjects of information about biological functions. It can modify cardiovascular function and is a useful method of reducing muscle tension. It is a technique for controlling physiological responses by receiving information about these responses as they occur. Monitoring devices track physiological responses such as heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension and provide the person with feedback in the form of light or tone whenever they change the response in the desired direction. With practice, a person can learn to control all sorts of bodily functions predominantly through relaxation.

Question 90

A parrot was given a new cage. When the parrot touched a lever in the cage, it received an electric shock. It did not touch the lever again. The learning process that has occurred here is; Select one: Observational learning Shaping Negative reinforcement Chaining Punishment

Answer 90

Punishment In behaviourism, punishment refers to the consequence for undesired behavior. Punishment can be either negative or positive, depending on the nature of the consequence.

Question 91

Which of the following behavioural treatment is useful in trichotillomania? Select one: Massed negative practice Exposure and response prevention Habit reversal Biofeedback Imaginal flooding

Answer 91

Habit reversal Habit reversal training (HRT) is a behavioral treatment package useful in tics and other OCD spectrum disorders such as trichotillomania, nail biting, thumb sucking, and skin picking, etc.

Question 92

The concept of motivated forgetting is based on the psychoanalytic concept of Select one: 1. Denial 2. Regression 3. All of the above 4. Repression 5. Displacement

Answer 92

Repression The theory of motivated forgetting suggests that we forget things because unconsciously we want to.

Question 93

Which one among the following statements is false about modelling? Select one: 1. Modelling can Lead to aggression 2. Modelling can also lead to social facilitation and can result in skilled behaviour 3. Modelling can increase the pain threshold and anxiety threshold. 4. Observational learning is more likely to occur if the model has some characteristics in common with the observer 5. Modelling refers to the learning that takes place spontaneously by observing the behaviour of another person

Answer 93

Modelling can increase the pain threshold and anxiety threshold. Modelling can also lead to social facilitation, can result in skilled behaviour, can lower the pain threshold and anxiety threshold. Observational learning is more likely to occur if the model has some characteristics in common with the observer. Other Effective models for observational learning include competency of the model, perceived high status and possess social influence or power.

Question 94

Situation specific amnesia may arise in all of the following situations except Select one: Post traumatic stress disorder Adjustment disorder Being the victim of an offence Being the victim of childhood sexual abuse Committing an offence

Answer 94

Adjustment disorder Situation specific amnesia has not been reported in patients with adjustment disorder. Offenders as well as victims of crimes commonly claim amnesia regarding the offence. Cross sectional studies have found that in 25-45% of homicides, 8% of other violent crimes and a small percentage of non-violent crimes, offenders claim for the offence (Kopelman 2002a). Amnesia for an offence can also occur in alcohol intoxication, substance misuse and acute psychosis but purely psychological amnesia occurs most commonly in crimes of passion. In people with PTSD Anterograde memory dysfunction has been demonstrated in people with PTSD and there are claims that they have a loss of hippocampal volume on MRI (Bremmer 1999), which has been attributed to effects of glucocorticoids (Markowitsch 1996).

Question 95

Choose the most unstructured test from the following list Select one: 1. Sentence Completion Test 2. Stanford Binet Test 3. Rorschach Inkblot test 4. Thematic Appreception Test 5. Weschler Memory Scale

Answer 95

Rorschach Inkblot test The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a method of psychological evaluation in which subjects' perceptions of ten standardized inkblots are recorded and then analyzed. Some psychologists use this test to try to examine the personality characteristics and emotional functioning of their patients.

Question 96

Which of the following best describes flash-bulb memories? Select one: 1. Memories of events that happened in broad day-light persisting for longer periods of time 2. Vivid memories of personal events associated with intense emotional arousal 3. Instantaneous recall that cannot be sustained for further processing 4. Recall of images in memory with extreme accuracy and in abundant volume 5. Instances of knowing something that cannot immediately be recalled

Answer 96

Vivid memories of personal events associated with intense emotional arousal The term flashbulb memory (Brown and Kulik, 1977) refers to memories laid down vividly and accurately as a photograph when emotionally important events have occurred e.g. a personal loss event or public disaster such as 9/11.

Question 97

If the conditioned stimulus (CS) ends prior to the application of unconditioned stimulus (UCS) it is called Select one: 1. Forward conditioning 2. Delayed conditioning 3. Trace conditioning 4. Backward conditioning 5. Higher order Conditioning

Answer 97

Trace conditioning In forward or delayed conditioning, the CS is presented before the UCS and remains on while the UCS is presented until the UCR appears. In backward conditioning, the CS is presented after the UCS and widely used in advertising. In higher order conditioning, a new conditioned stimulus is paired with the old conditioned stimulus and the latter thus effectively acts as an unconditioned stimulus .Trace conditioning and higher order conditioning tends to be fairly weak than delayed conditioning.

Question 98

Information is held in the long term memory by the process of Select one: 1. Rote rehearsal 2. Elaborative rehearsal 3. Maintenance rehearsal 4. Recency effect 5. Displacement of older memories

Answer 98

Elaborative rehearsal Rehearsal is supposed to be the transient control process that can aid maintenance of STM and transfer to LTM. Other control processes include encoding, retrieval strategies and decision to remember. Rehearsal may be maintenance/rote rehearsal or elaborative rehearsal where encoding is semantically elaborated or changed. Maintenance rehearsal is simple and refers to the repetition of items in one's mind and occasionally by verbal repetition (e.g., trying to remember a telephone number). Elaborative rehearsal involves more extensive understanding of the meaning of the material, a process involving long-term memory. It is proposed that rehearsal can take place at three levels of processing. Shallow processing where surface features are only rehearsed, phonemic processing where sound features are rehearsed or semantic processing where deeper encoding and meaning related associations are made. A higher level of processing depends on time available and nature of the material processed.

Question 99

In Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiments on dogs, which of the following served as the conditioned stimulus? Select one: 1. Food 2. Saliva 3. Bell 4. Hunger 5. Dog

Answer 99

Bell Pavlov's dogs, restrained in an experimental chamber, were presented with meat powder and they had their saliva collected via a surgically implanted tube in their saliva glands. Over time, he noticed that his dogs who begin salivation before the meat powder was even presented, whether it was by the presence of the handler or merely by a clicking bell nuise produced by the device that distributed the meat powder.

Question 100

A patient has a phobia of escalators and avoids London tube stations as a result. Deep muscle relaxation is paired with a series of imagined scenes that are arranged in a hierarchy from the least to the most anxiety producing stimuli. This therapy is called Select one: 1. Secondary reinforcement 2. Cognitive restructuring 3. Cognitive remediation 4. Systematic desensitisation 5. Flooding

Answer 100

Systematic desensitisation Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique developed on basic principles of classical conditioning. Joseph Wolpe developed it as a means of alleviating anxiety. Deep muscle relaxation is paired with a series of imagined scenes that depict situations or objects that are associated with anxiety and thus produce anxiety. The scenes or situations are graded into a hierarchy and the pairing with relaxation proceeds from the most simple to the most severe scenes. The correct answer is: Systematic desensitization

Question 101

The brain region thought to be responsible for majority of working memory functions is Select one: 1. Cerebellum 2. Dorsal thalamus 3. Frontal lobe 4. Hippocampus 5. Temporal lobe

Answer 101

Frontal lobe Several event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have found persistent frontal lobe activity during retention intervals of delayed response tasks (a WM task). The parietal lobe is also important for this function.

Question 102

Which of the following correctly describes the exposure and response prevention treatment for a lady with fear of contamination and repeated washing? Select one: 1. Therapist asks her to limit her washing to 4 times per act 2. Therapist asks her to wash her hands without touching the dirt 3. Therapist asks her to say 'STOP' aloud whenever the fear of contamination is experienced 4. Therapist asks her to touch the dirty linen but prevents her from washing her hands 5 .Therapist asks her to touch dirty linen before thoroughly washing her hand with antiseptics

Answer 102

Therapist asks her to touch the dirty linen but prevents her from washing her hands By asking the patient to touch the linen, the therapist is exposing her to obsession-inducing situations only to prevent the response of hand washing later.

Question 103

A clinical psychologist performed digit span test and immediately asked the patient to count a three digit number backwards. What is this procedure called as? Select one: 1. Brown Paterson Task 2. Primacy effect 3. Recency effect 4. Baddeley and Hitch Task 5. Cohen and Squire experiment

Answer 103

Brown Paterson Task Under normal situations, the duration for which information is held in short term memory is usually 15 to 20 seconds. STM is also very fragile and information is lost quickly. Brown Paterson demonstrated that by 15 seconds the original material is completely forgotten. Brown Paterson task involves introducing distraction (such as counting a three digit number backwards) immediately after the digit span test in order to prevent rehearsal.

Question 104

A 24 year old woman develops significant fear of driving after having a relatively trivial road traffic accident. She avoids using cars even as a passenger. She has no symptoms of PTSD. Which of the following therapies is best suited for her needs? Select one: 1. Brief focal dynamic psychotherapy 2. Cognitive analytic therapy 3. Interpersonal therapy 4. Behaviour therapy 5. Psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 104

Behaviour therapy. This is simple phobia for driving and not PTSD. So behaviour therapy is the correct option.

Question 105

A Lotto player thinks that more he loses, the more chances that he wins later. So he keeps playing the Lotto. This is best described as Select one: 1. Social loafing 2. Base rate fallacy 3. Entrapment 4. Gambler's fallacy 5. Availability heuristics

Answer 105

Gambler's fallacy Gambler's fallacy: an outcome is due as it has not happened for some time. So a gambler thinks that more he loses, the more chances that he wins later.