basic quant

Question 1

mode

Answer 1

value that occurs the mode frequently

Question 2

which measure of central tendency uses nominal variables, only?

Answer 2

mode

Question 3

mean

Answer 3

the average

Question 4

median

Answer 4

the exact middle of distribution of scores, always.

Question 5

which measure of central tendency uses interval-ratio or ordinal variables?

Answer 5

median

Question 6

which measure of central tendency uses interval-ratio, only?

Answer 6

mean

Question 7

what is a proportion?

Answer 7

the fraction of the total that possesses a certain attribute

Question 8

What is a theory?

Answer 8

A theory is a fairly elaborate explanation of the relationship between two or more variables.

Question 9

what is a hypothesis?

Answer 9

a hypothesis offers tentative answers to research questions

Question 10

what are the three main methods of collecting data?

Answer 10

telephone, mail (address), and direct observation

Question 11

cause and effect relationships require ___ (3 aspects) before casualty is established

Answer 11

time order, non-spuriousness, correlation

Question 12

what is a nominal variable

Answer 12

a variable associated with categorization. order does not matter and cannot be quantified. ex: age, gender, race

Question 13

what is an ordinal variable

Answer 13

a variable that categorizes with an implied order. often uses likert scale. other ex: social class

Question 14

what is an interval-ratio variable

Answer 14

a fully quantifiable variable where order is characterized by equal units or intervals between categories. ex: temperature, number of children, ages in a frequency distribution

Question 15

what is an interval-ratio variable

Answer 15

a fully quantifiable variable where order is characterized by equal units or intervals between categories. ex: temperature, number of children, ages in a frequency distribution

Question 16

are nominal variables discrete or continuous?

Answer 16

discrete

Question 17

are ordinal variables discrete or continuous?

Answer 17

discrete

Question 18

are interval-ratio variables discrete or continuous

Answer 18

it depends

Question 19

which variable is the only kind that can be continuous – nominal, ordinal, or IV?

Answer 19

interval-ratio

Question 20

Simple random sampling

Answer 20

every number in the population has an equal (nonzero) probability of being selected into the sample

Question 21

systematic random sampling

Answer 21

every “k-th” (interval) number of the population after the first number is selected into the sample

ex: k = 8 –> 1, 8, 16, 24…

Question 22

stratified sample

Answer 22

involves dividing the entire population into homogeneous groups called strata

Question 23

cluster sample

Answer 23

dividing a population into clusters, and then randomly selecting a sample of these clusters

Question 24

pie charts are suited to which level of measurement?

Answer 24

nominal and ordinal

Question 25

histrograms are suited to which level of measurement?

Answer 25

interval-ratio

Question 26

if N<30, do we use t-chart or z-chart?

Answer 26

t-chart

Question 27

if N>30, do we use t-chart or z-chart

Answer 27

z-chart

Question 28

what is the difference between standard error and standard deviation?

Answer 28

standard error is the square-root of std. dev

Question 29

the larger the standard error, the further the result will be from the true population

Answer 29

true

Question 30

what is "true population"

Answer 30

mu

Question 31

what is probablity

Answer 31

the measure of uncertainty

Question 32

what are the steps to hypothesis testing?

Answer 32

1. state assumptions 2. State Ho and Ha 3. Define sample distribution, critical region(s) 4. Compute test statistic 5. Make a decision and state conclusion

Question 33

complete the sentence: If z-observed is greater than z-critical, you ___ the null hypothesis

Answer 33

If z-observed is greater than z-critical, you reject the null hypothesis

Question 34

complete the sentence: If z-observed is less than z-critical, you ___ the null hypothesis

Answer 34

complete the sentence: If z-observed is less than z-critical, you "fail to reject" the null hypothesis

Question 35

complete the sentence: Using confidence intervals, you are confident that...

Answer 35

when using confidence intervals, you are XX% confident that (given pop) is between {XX to XX}

Question 36

interval question: the fewer the sample size...

Answer 36

the greater the interval

Question 37

which level of measurement uses IQR?

Answer 37

normally interval-ratio, but also ordinal

Question 38

which level of measurement uses range?

Answer 38

interval-ratio

Question 39

which level of measurement uses standard deviation?

Answer 39

interval-ratio

Question 40

are population mean (mu) and standard deviation (sigma) variables?

Answer 40

no, they are constants/parameters

Question 41

sample mean (y-bar), sample, variance (sample-squared) are referred to (estimators or parameters?)

Answer 41

estimators

Question 42

mean uses which level of measurement?

Answer 42

interval-ratio

Question 43

negatively skewed distribution = the mean is ___ than the median

Answer 43

less than

Question 44

positively skewed distribution -- the mean is ___ than the median

Answer 44

greater in value

Question 45

unskewed distribution -- mean is ___ median

Answer 45

equal to

Question 46

measures of central tendency

Answer 46

mean, mode, median

Question 47

level of measurement for chi-square for DV

Answer 47

nominal or ordinal

Question 48

is correlation a sufficient condition of causality?

Answer 48

no (but it is necessary)

Question 49

use of z-scores

Answer 49

1. Find various areas under the normal curve 2. Comparison of scores with different means and standard deviations 3. Computing percentile rankings

Question 50

point estimates need to be

Answer 50

unbiased, efficient, and consistent

Question 51

assumptions for single mean (hypothesis testing)

Answer 51

normal distribution, random sample, interval/ratio level of measurement.

Question 52

assumptions for single proportion (hypothesis test)

Answer 52

normal distribution, random samples, nominal level of measurement.

Question 52

assumptions for single proportion (hypothesis test)

Answer 52

normal distribution, random samples, nominal level of measurement.

Question 53

type 1 error

Answer 53

alpha error, false positive, the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is, in fact, true. (reject the null hypothesis)

Question 54

type 2 error

Answer 54

beta error, the probability of failing to reject a null hypothesis that is, in fact, false. fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 55

assumptions for two independent means (hypothesis testing)

Answer 55

normal distribution, independent random samples, interval/ratio level of measurement

Question 56

assumptions for two proportions

Answer 56

Independent random samples, nominal level of measurement, normal sampling distribution.

Question 57

when to use ANOVA?

Answer 57

Use when the independent variable has three or more categories, and the dependent variable is Interval Ratio.

Question 58

what is the f-test?

Answer 58

The F-test is an overall test of the null hypothesis that group means on the dependent variable do not differ.

Question 59

how to construct a contingency table? (aka a matrix?)

Answer 59

IV = column; DV = rows

Question 60

how to construct a contingency table? (aka a matrix?)

Answer 60

IV = column; DV = rows

Question 61

logic of regression is to estimate

Answer 61

strength, direction and nature, and magnitude

Question 62

Population Regression Equation:

Answer 62

y = alpha + Betax1