basic quant Flashcards
(63 cards)
mode
value that occurs the mode frequently
which measure of central tendency uses nominal variables, only?
mode
mean
the average
median
the exact middle of distribution of scores, always.
which measure of central tendency uses interval-ratio or ordinal variables?
median
which measure of central tendency uses interval-ratio, only?
mean
what is a proportion?
the fraction of the total that possesses a certain attribute
What is a theory?
A theory is a fairly elaborate explanation of the relationship between two or more variables.
what is a hypothesis?
a hypothesis offers tentative answers to research questions
what are the three main methods of collecting data?
telephone, mail (address), and direct observation
cause and effect relationships require ___ (3 aspects) before casualty is established
time order, non-spuriousness, correlation
what is a nominal variable
a variable associated with categorization. order does not matter and cannot be quantified. ex: age, gender, race
what is an ordinal variable
a variable that categorizes with an implied order. often uses likert scale. other ex: social class
what is an interval-ratio variable
a fully quantifiable variable where order is characterized by equal units or intervals between categories. ex: temperature, number of children, ages in a frequency distribution
what is an interval-ratio variable
a fully quantifiable variable where order is characterized by equal units or intervals between categories. ex: temperature, number of children, ages in a frequency distribution
are nominal variables discrete or continuous?
discrete
are ordinal variables discrete or continuous?
discrete
are interval-ratio variables discrete or continuous
it depends
which variable is the only kind that can be continuous – nominal, ordinal, or IV?
interval-ratio
Simple random sampling
every number in the population has an equal (nonzero) probability of being selected into the sample
systematic random sampling
every “k-th” (interval) number of the population after the first number is selected into the sample
ex: k = 8 –> 1, 8, 16, 24…
stratified sample
involves dividing the entire population into homogeneous groups called strata
cluster sample
dividing a population into clusters, and then randomly selecting a sample of these clusters
pie charts are suited to which level of measurement?
nominal and ordinal