Basic revision Flashcards by Tutoring students

What is the definition of a solid?

Fixed shape and volume. Particles closely packed in a regular arrangement and only vibrate in place. Strong intermolecular forces.

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What characterizes a liquid?

Fixed volume but no fixed shape. Particles close together but can move past each other. Weaker forces than solids.

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What defines a gas?

No fixed shape or volume. Particles are far apart and move rapidly. Negligible intermolecular forces.

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List the changes of state.

Melting
Boiling
Freezing
Condensation
Sublimation

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What does the Kinetic Particle Theory explain?

Differences in states based on energy and movement of particles.

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Define diffusion.

Spreading out of particles from high to low concentration.

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What is an atom?

Smallest unit of an element.

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What is an element?

Made of one type of atom. Represented by symbols.

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What is a compound?

Two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.

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What is a mixture?

Two or more substances physically mixed, not chemically bonded.

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What does filtration do?

Separates insoluble solids from liquids.

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What does crystallisation achieve?

Separates dissolved solids by evaporating solvent.

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What is distillation?

Separates liquids based on boiling points.

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What is chromatography used for?

Separates mixtures of dyes or inks.

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Identify the subatomic particles.

Proton: +1 charge, mass 1, in nucleus
Neutron: 0 charge, mass 1, in nucleus
Electron: -1 charge, negligible mass, in shells

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What is the atomic number?

Number of protons = number of electrons.

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Define mass number.

Number of protons + neutrons.

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What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

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What is electronic configuration?

Arrangement of electrons in shells: 2,8,8…

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How is the periodic table arranged?

In increasing atomic number.

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What are groups in the periodic table?

Vertical columns with elements having the same number of outer electrons.

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What are periods in the periodic table?

Horizontal rows with increasing energy levels.

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Describe Group I elements.

Alkali metals. Soft, reactive, form +1 ions.

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Describe Group VII elements.

Halogens. Diatomic, coloured, form -1 ions. Reactivity decreases down group.

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What are Group 0 elements?

Noble gases. Inert, full outer shell.

What is ionic bonding?

Transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals, forming ions. Strong electrostatic attraction.

What is covalent bonding?

Sharing of electrons between non-metals, forming molecules.

What is metallic bonding?

Positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons, explaining conductivity and malleability.

List properties of ionic compounds.

* High MP/BP * Conduct in liquid/solution

List properties of covalent compounds.

* Low MP/BP * Do not conduct

List properties of metals.

* Conduct * Malleable * Ductile

What is relative atomic mass (Ar)?

Average mass of an atom based on isotopes.

What is relative formula mass (Mr)?

Sum of Ar of all atoms in compound.

What is a mole?

Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 10^23).

Fill in the blank: Moles = Mass / _______

[Mr]

Fill in the blank: Concentration = Moles / _______

[Volume (dm³)]

What is the gas volume at RTP?

1 mole = 24 dm³.

What is an empirical formula?

Simplest whole number ratio.

What do balancing equations ensure?

Mass is conserved.

What are exothermic reactions?

Release energy. E.g., combustion.

What are endothermic reactions?

Absorb energy. E.g., thermal decomposition.

What do energy diagrams show?

Enthalpy changes (ΔH).

How is ΔH calculated?

ΔH = bonds broken - bonds formed.

Define electrolysis.

Splitting of ionic compounds using electricity.

What are the electrodes in electrolysis?

* Anode (+) * Cathode (-)

What happens to cations during electrolysis?

Cations go to cathode and gain electrons (reduction).

What happens to anions during electrolysis?

Anions go to anode and lose electrons (oxidation).

What does electrolysis of molten compounds produce?

Produces elements.

What must be considered in aqueous solutions during electrolysis?

Water ions (H⁺ and OH⁻).

List applications of electrolysis.

* Electroplating * Extraction of metals like aluminium

What is the rate of reaction?

Measured by change in concentration/time.

List factors that affect the rate of reaction.

* Temperature (higher = faster) * Concentration (more particles) * Surface Area (more collisions) * Catalysts (lower activation energy)

What is collision theory?

Particles must collide with sufficient energy.

How can the rate of reaction be measured?

* Gas volume * Colour change * Mass loss

What are acids?

Release H⁺ ions. pH < 7.

What are bases?

Neutralise acids. Often metal oxides/hydroxides.

What are alkalis?

Soluble bases. Release OH⁻.

What does litmus indicate?

* Red (acid) * Blue (alkali)

What does methyl orange indicate?

* Red (acid) * Yellow (alkali)

What does phenolphthalein indicate?

* Colourless (acid) * Pink (alkali)

What is neutralisation?

Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

What is titration used for?

To determine concentration using indicator.

How are salts made?

From acid + metal/base/carbonate.

What is the reactivity series?

K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Ag > Au.

What are displacement reactions?

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive one.

What is the reaction of a metal with an acid?

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen.

How are reactive metals extracted?

Above carbon: Electrolysis.

How are less reactive metals extracted?

Reduction with carbon.

What causes rusting?

Iron + Oxygen + Water → Rust (hydrated iron oxide).

List methods to prevent rusting.

* Galvanising * Painting * Oiling

What is the composition of air?

78% N₂, 21% O₂, ~1% other gases.

What is carbon monoxide (CO)?

Produced by incomplete combustion, toxic.

What do SO₂ and NOx cause?

Acid rain.

What is involved in water treatment?

* Filtration: Removes solids * Chlorination: Kills microbes

What is the test for hydrogen?

Squeaky pop.

What is the test for oxygen?

Relights glowing splint.

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

Turns limewater cloudy.

What are the sources of sulfur?

Underground, fossil fuels.

Describe the Contact Process.

* Burn sulfur to make SO₂ * 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃ (vanadium(V) oxide catalyst) * SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄

List uses of sulfuric acid.

* Fertilisers * Paints * Detergents

What is calcium carbonate used for?

Used in building materials.

What is the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate?

CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂.

What is the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid?

CaCO₃ + HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O.

What test confirms the presence of carbon dioxide?

Turns limewater cloudy.

What is crude oil?

Mixture of hydrocarbons. Separated by fractional distillation.

What are alkanes?

Saturated hydrocarbons. General formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.

What are alkenes?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons. General formula CₙH₂ₙ. Test: Bromine water decolourises.

What defines alcohols?

Contain -OH group. Example: Ethanol.

What defines carboxylic acids?

Contain -COOH group.

How are polymers formed?

Formed from alkenes via addition polymerisation.

What are the products of complete combustion?

Produces CO₂ and H₂O.

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

Produces CO or C (soot).

What should you learn about apparatus in practical skills?

Names and uses of standard lab equipment.

List the types of variables in an experiment.

* Independent: Changed * Dependent: Measured * Control: Kept constant

What is involved in data analysis?

* Mean * Range * Percentage error

What skills are important for graphing?

Axes labelled with units. Use best-fit lines.

What are the results of flame tests for lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and copper?

* Li⁺ = red * Na⁺ = yellow * K⁺ = lilac * Ca²⁺ = brick red * Cu²⁺ = green

What are the gas tests results for hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide?

* H₂ = squeaky pop * O₂ = glowing splint * CO₂ = limewater

What do ion tests involve?

NaOH to identify metal hydroxide precipitates.

Basic revision Flashcards

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