Basic's of Skin

Question 1

Normal integument receives ___ of body’s circulating blood volume.

Answer 1

1/3

Question 2

The two layers of skin are?

Answer 2

epidermis and dermis

Question 3

The hypodermic is made of _____ __________ tissue.

Answer 3

loose connective tissue

Question 4

True/False - The epidermis is vascularized?

Answer 4

no, epidermis is avascularized (no direct blood supply)

Question 5

Complete epidermal renewal occurs every?

Answer 5

2 months

Question 6

The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells called?

Answer 6

keratinocytes

Question 7

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis starting with innermost layer.

Answer 7

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidium
stratum corneum

Question 8

What areas is the lucidum found the body?

Answer 8

palms/soles where epidermis is thicker

Question 9

In the stratum _______ or transitional layer the _________ enzymes degrade the nucleus and cellular organelle before they move into the corneum.

Answer 9

lucidum; lysosomal

Question 10

Which layer is named because it contains diamond shaped cells containing proteins to organize keratin filaments and keratinocytes are present.

Answer 10

stratum granulosum

Question 11

Which cell layer has cell-cell junctions called ________, that provide adhesion and resistance to mechanical forces.

Answer 11

desmosomes; stratum spinosum layer

Question 12

Once cells leave this layer, they travel upward for 2-3 weeks. It has a single layer of mitotically active cells called _____ _____________.

Answer 12

basel keratinocytes; stratum basale

Question 13

What cells are distributed throughout the basel layer of epidermis and responsible for skin pigmentation?

Answer 13

melanocytes

Question 14

True/False - melanocytes migrate to hair follicles, choroid of the eyes, the heart, and the brain?

Answer 14

true

Question 15

How is skin pigment produced?

Answer 15

melanin synthesis

Question 16

What organelle in the melanocyte synthesizes, stores, and transports melanin?

Answer 16

melanosome

Question 17

What is responsible for the difference in skin color?

Answer 17

• size, number, and distribution of of melanosomes

- the activity of the melanocytes

Question 18

What anchors the epidermis to the dermis?

Answer 18

basement membrane zone

Question 19

If a blister forms, how deep is the tissue damage?

Answer 19

to the basement membrane zone

Question 20

What is comprised by the lamina Lucida and Lamina Densa?

Answer 20

basement membrane zone

Question 21

What is the thickest layer of the skin?

Answer 21

Dermis

Question 22

The dermis layer is also known as the ______.

Answer 22

corium

Question 23

The dermis is primarily populated by ___________.

Answer 23

fibroblasts

Question 24

True/False the dermis is vascularized?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

What is responsible for getting nutrients from dermis to epidermis?

Answer 25

papillary loops

Question 26

The major proteins of the dermis?

Answer 26

collagen and elastin

Question 27

Functions of dermis include?

Answer 27

``` nutritional support immune surveillance would healing thermal regulation hemostasis inflammatory response ```

Question 28

Vasculogenesis is what?

Answer 28

angioblast into endothelial cells and de novo formation

Question 29

Angiogenesis is what?

Answer 29

process of new vessels forming from preexisting vessels (think wound healing and tumor growth/metastasis)

Question 30

The two layers of dermis are?

Answer 30

papillary dermis - finger like structure to maximize oxygen and nutrients to epidermis. reticular dermis

Question 31

Papillary dermis contain ________ vessels to help control ________ pressure by resorption of fluid.

Answer 31

lymphatic; interstitial

Question 32

The reticular dermis forms the ____ of the dermis and contains thicker ________ fibers compared to the papillary dermis.

Answer 32

base; collegian

Question 33

Why is the reticular dermis important in aiding fluid return with muscle movement?

Answer 33

The lymphatic vessels are larger in the reticular dermis layer, more muscle movement = more fluid return.

Question 34

From a wound healing stand point what is the most important protein in the body and where do they come from?

Answer 34

collagen | secreted by dermal fibroblasts

Question 35

What gives skin tensile strength?

Answer 35

collagen

Question 36

What is responsible for skins elastic recoil?

Answer 36

elastin

Question 37

What are the immune surveillance cells?

Answer 37

mast cells macrophages lymphocytes

Question 38

What are the dermal appendages?

Answer 38

hair follicles sebaceous glands sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Question 39

What is also known are superficial fascia?

Answer 39

the hypodermis

Question 40

This layer below the dermis is affected if a patient has a pressure and/or Dm ulcer?

Answer 40

hypodermis

Question 41

The papillary plexus and loops rise from the __________.

Answer 41

hypodermis

Question 42

Adipose tissue play many roles in this layer?

Answer 42

hypodermis (provides insulation, reserve of energy, cushioning, adds mobility of skin over underlying structures)

Question 43

Functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 43

``` Protection Immunity Thermoregulation Sensation Metabolism Communication Vitamin D Synthesis Blood reservoir ```

Question 44

Tough ____________ tissue of dermis (collagen/elastin) protect against mechanical assaults.

Answer 44

fibroelastic

Question 45

Prevents excessive loss of _____ and electrolytes in order to maintain the ________ environment.

Answer 45

fluids; homeostatic

Question 46

Darker skin has increased _______ of melanin and thus better protection from the ___.

Answer 46

synthesis; sun

Question 47

What are the immune cells in the skin that transport antigen from outside the body to immune system antibody cells?

Answer 47

langerhans cells

Question 48

What is the pH of skins surface?

Answer 48

4-6.8

Question 49

True/False skin has normal viral florae.

Answer 49

false - the skin has bacteria which reduces the risk of infection if the skin breaks

Question 50

Two types of bacterial flora on skin are?

Answer 50

resident - normally found | transient - not normally found on person

Question 51

Two primary mechanism for thermoregulation are?

Answer 51

circulation and sweating

Question 52

Goose bumps are really helping with what?

Answer 52

shunting heat to underlying body organs. Remember shivering is ore important that hair orientation.

Question 53

When we sweat, what needs to happen for temp control and cooling to take place?

Answer 53

the sweat fluid needs to evaporate from skins surface.

Question 54

What are the two sweat glands?

Answer 54

eccrine - palms/soles, under nervous system control, respond to temp and emotional stimulation. aprocrine -Do not play a significant role in thermoregulation

Question 55

What layers are the nerve receptors located?

Answer 55

dermis and epidermis

Question 56

Healing wounds have ______ ______ sprout for about 3 weeks then return to normal density.

Answer 56

sensory nerves