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FRCS Viva > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of bone?

A
  1. Haemopoetic
  2. Calcium Homeostasis
  3. Mechanical Support
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2
Q

How can bone be classified?

A

According to anatomy and structure

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3
Q

How can bones be divided anatomically

A

Long Bones
Flat Bones

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4
Q

What are the three main sections of a long bone?

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

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5
Q

Give some examples of flat bones

A

Pelvis
Skull
Scapula
Clavicle

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6
Q

How can the structure of bone be further subdivided

A

Macroscopic
Microscopic

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7
Q

What are the two types of macroscopic bone

A

Woven - immature
Lamellar - mature

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8
Q

What are the features of woven bone? (3)

A

Isotropic - Behaves the same regardless of direction of load applied to it
High turnover
Lacks mechanical properties

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9
Q

Give some examples of woven bone lacking mechanical properties of mature bone (3)

A
  1. Fracture callus
  2. Embryonic long bone formation
  3. Pathological bone
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10
Q

What are the features of lamellar bone (3)

A
  1. Anisotropic - behaves differently according to direction of load applied to it
  2. Slow turnover
  3. Stronger mechanically
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11
Q

How much of the skeleton does cortical bone make up and what are its two main features

A

80%
Slow turnover
Higher Young’s modulus

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12
Q

What is the microscopic unit of cortical bone

A

Osteon

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13
Q

Describe the structure of an osteon

A

Concentric rings (lamellae) of type 1 collagen arranged around a central neurovascular canal (Haversian canal)

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14
Q

What connects the intravascular supply of an osteon to the extravascular supply?

A

Volkmann’s canal (run perpendicular)

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15
Q

What separates osteons and what is their significance

A

Cement lines - potential source of weakness - can can cause fracture or crack

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Cancellous bone?

A

High turnover
Lower Young’s modulus

17
Q

Describe the structure of cancellous bone

A

Composed of trabecular - lamellae arranged as struts or plates in a loose open network which is highly porous with the pores being filled by red marrow

18
Q

What is the broad microscopic subdivision of bone

A

Cells (10%)
Extracellular matrix (90%)

19
Q

What are the four main types of bone cells

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteoclasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Bone lining cells
20
Q

Where do osteoblasts originate from? What are some other cell types that differentiate from this lineage

A

Mesenchymal stem cell lineage.
Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, myoblasts, lipoblasts

21
Q

What do osteoblasts produce

A

Unmineralised bone matrix - osteoid which eventually becomes mineralised by calcium and becomes hard

22
Q

What lineage do osteoclasts come from and what other cell type also descend from this lineage?

A

Haemopoetic

23
Q

Draw a diagram of an osteoclast absorbing bone and label all the relevant parts

A

Refer to Video 1 of let’s talk Dr basic science

24
Q

What does the acid produced by osteoclasts break down

A

Inorganic bone - calcium hydroxyapatite

25
Q

What factor produced by osteoclasts breaks down organic (type 1 collagen) component of bone?

A

TRAP - Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase

26
Q

Define an osteocyte

A

Mature osteoblast covered in osteoid

27
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Detect chemical changes to lay down new bone and recruit bone lining cells

28
Q

Subdivide the extracellular matrix (90%) of bone

A

Organic (40%)/Inorganic (60%)

29
Q

What makes of the organic part of the extracellular matrix?

A

Type 1 collagen
Glycoproteins
Growth factors

30
Q

What is type 1 collagen responsible for?

A

Tensile strength of bone

31
Q

What is the main component of inorganic extracellular matrix?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite which provides the compressive strength

32
Q

What is the formula for calcium hydroxyapatite

A

Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂

33
Q

What percentage of cardiac output does bone have and how would you classify this?

A

5-10%
Anatomy and physiology

34
Q

What are the three main blood supplies of bone?

A
  1. Nutrient artery system - high pressure
  2. Metaphyseal-epiphyseal system
  3. Periosteal system - low pressure
35
Q

How does the nutrient artery work

A

Branch from major artery - enters the bone at mid diaphysis from nutrient foramen

36
Q

How does normal blood flow work physiologically?

A

Centrifugally - inside to out from high to low pressure

37
Q

How does blood flow work in developing bone or fracture

A

Centripetal - high - low (out to in) as periosteum is thicker

38
Q
A

FRCS Viva (1 decks)

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