Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Derm > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is used to rank how much melanin pigment is produced by the skin

A

Fitzpatrick scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 1 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: v pale white skin, blue/green eyes

Sunlight exposure: never tan, always burn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 2 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: pale white/fair skin

Sunlight exposure: rarely tans, burn easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 3 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: darker white skin

Sunlight exposure: tans uniformly, burn turns to tan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 4 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Skin features: light brown skin

Sunlight Exposure: tans easily, burns minimally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 5 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: brown skin

Sunlight exposure: tans v easily, very rarely burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 6 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: dark brown/black skin

Sunlight exposure: never burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many main layers of skin + name them (from superficial to deep)

A

3 main layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epidermis

  • type of epithelium it is made up of?
  • is it vascular or avascular
A
  • made up of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  • completely avascular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many layers in epidermis + name them (from deep to superficial)

A

4 or 5 depending on location

  1. Basal layer (Stratum basale)
  2. Prickle cell layer (Stratum spinosum)
  3. Granular cell layer (stratum granulosum)
  4. Keratin later (stratum corneum)

5th layer in palm of hands + soles of feet called the stratum lucidum (in between corneum and granulosum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypodermis contents

A

Adipocytes
Nerves
Blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pilosebaceous unit

A

Structure consisting of:
- the hair
- hair follicle
- arrector pilli muscle
- sebaceous gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normal hair cycle

  • how many phases
  • name the phases
A

3 phases
1. Anagen (growing)
2.Catagen (involuting)
3. Telogen (resting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long does anagen phase last

A

3-5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How long does involution phase last

A

2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long does telogen phase last

A

3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during telogen phase of hair growth

A

Hair remains in the follicle but doesn’t grow anymore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What rate does hair grow

A

1cm/month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 types of skin glands

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • apocrine glands
  • eccrine glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Eccrine glands
- what do they do
- where are they found
- what are they under control of

A
  • regulate body temp by secreting salty solution that evaporates on skin surface causing cooling
    -found on entire skin except lips and genitals (most commonly found on palms and soles)
  • sympathetic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Apocrine glands
- what do they do
- where do they develop

A
  • produce oily fluid that becomes colonised by anaerobic bacteria causing body odour
  • as part of pilosebaceous unit in axillary and perineal regions (nipples and genitals)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sebaceous Glands
- where found
- what do they do
- what type of glands are they

A
  • all over body except palms, soles and dorsum of feet (mostly concentrated in face and scalp)
  • produce + secrete sebum to protect skin from dehydration + have antibacterial properties
  • holocrine glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

EMBRYO
What is the dermis derived from

A

The mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

EMBRYO

What forms the dermis of the back

A

Paraxial mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
EMBRYO What forms the dermis of the face and neck
Neural crest cells
26
EMBRYO What forms the dermis of the body wall and limbs (minus the face neck and back)
Lateral plate mesoderm
27
EMBRYO What are Blaschko Lines
Lines that cover surface of body that represent natural migration of epidermal cells during embryological development
28
EMBRYO - When does the epidermis develop during gestation? - What does it develop from? - What is it called at this time?
- Near end of week 4 - Develops from single layer of surface ectoderm - Called basal layer
29
how do terminal parts of sweat ducts appear in histology
Helical structures
30
When do apocrine glands develop and what do they open into
at puberty open into hair follicles
31
Function of arrector pili
Pull hair perpendicular to skin during cold/fright (goose bumps)
32
Purpose of connective tissue in dermis
Provide tensile strength + elastic qualities of skin
33
NERVOUS TISSUE Meissner's corpuscles - Where are they found - What are they for
- Found just below epidermis in dermis + abundant in tactile areas of fingers and toes - Tactile sensation
34
NERVOUS TISSUE Pacinian corpuscles - What are they for - Where are they found
- Deep pressure - Found deep in dermis, often seen in finger pulp sections
35
NERVOUS TISSUE Free Nerve Endings - Where found - What for
- Basal layer of epidermis - Pain
36
Hair structure
- Central medulla - Cortex - Outer cuticle - Internal root sheath - External root sheath - Connective tissue sheath
37
HAIR Central medulla of hair follicle contains what
soft keratin
38
HAIR outer cortex and cuticle of hair follicle contains what
hard keratin
39
Hair bulb - Where is it found - What does it contain
- Found at base of follicle - Contains hair matrix + dermal papilla (Bulge at base)
40
HAIR Papilla contains
Multiple vascular channels
41
HAIR Matrix region contains
Keratin producing cells
42
NAILS Structure
- Nail plate (Sits on nail bed) - Matrix (cells divide and then produce hard keratin) - Cuticle (extension of skin fold covering nail root) - Hyponychium (Secures free nail edge)
43
What is primary intention wound healing
edges are approximated by stitches causing rapid healing
44
What is secondary intention wound healing
3 stages of healing 1. Inflammation 2. Proliferation + Tissue remodelling 3.Tissue Remodelling
45
Explain secondary intention healing stage 1
- Platelets from initial clot + release inflam mediators - Leucocytes debride wound (they phagotise bacteria and capture debris) - Inflammation decreases as keratinocyte proliferation + new tissue formation becomes predominant
46
Explain secondary intention healing stage 2
- Cells divide to re-epitheliase wound surface - Granulation tissue formation is formulated - Firboblasts lay down matrix + contract wound (fibroplasia) - Endothelial cells develop into new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
47
Explain secondary intention healing stage 3
- New tissue is converted into mature scare tissue over months - Fibroblasts lay down collagen to improve the tensile strength of the scar + restore normal dermal matrix
48
What are burns
Thermal injury to skin
49
Classifications of burns
1st degree => Epidermis only 2nd degree/Partial thickness => epidermis + dermis 3rd degree/full thickness=> extends beyond dermis
50
Deep burns presentation
White or black + charred Dry + numb
51
Superficial burn presentation
Erythematous Wet Extremely painful
52
What is a chronic wound
Those present >6 weeks
53
Common presentation of chronic wound
SURFACE SLOUGH - Mixture of dead cells, polymorphs + bacteria that appears yellow/green - Adherent to underlying tissue
54
Does surface slough help or inhibit wound healing + what is done with it
Inhibits so should be removed chemically, physical or larval therapy
55
Pressure sore development stages
1. Skin is unbroken but has pink/redish area that could be tender, itchy or painful 2. Skin is red, swollen + painful. Broken/intact blisters may be present. Upper layers of skin start to die 3. Sore broken thru skin + wound extends down to deeper layers of skin tissue. Crater-like ulcers are present and wound is prone to infection 4. Sore extends past skin into fat, muscle + bone tissue. Blackened dead tissue (eschar) can be seen in deep open wounds
56
Which condition is spongiosis commonly seen in
acute dermatitis
57
histological signs of psoriasis
- parakeratosis (more purple nuclei seen keratin layer) - micro-abscesses (accumulation of inflammatory cells in upper epidermis - thicker + longer rete pegs
58
SKIN functions
- prevents water loss - Prevents entry of unwanted substances - Metabolism + detoxification - Immune defence - Sociosexual/Sensory functions
59
Layers of dermis
1. Papillary Dermis - superficial layer made up of highly vascular loose connective tissue 2. reticular dermis - deep thick layer of dense connective tissue
60
Components of dermis not done
Fibres - collagen (gives skin touch properties) + elastin (elastic properties) Ground substance (
61
Are blaschko lines visible
Normal population - no Some conditions
62
EMBRYO - Walk me through epidermis development
- week 4: single layer of cuboidal shaped basal layer develops from single layer surface of ectoderm - week 5: now a squamous non-keratinised layer of cuboidal cells called the periderm (or epitrichium) forms over the basal layer - second half of gestation: desquamitisation then casting of cells in periderm causing vernix caseosa to be formed - by 20 weeks gestation: remaining basal layer develops till it becomes stratum basale which proliferates + differentiates until epidermis splits into its 4 layers
63
EMBRYO What is vernis caseosa
Substance that coats the foetus to protect it from both amniotic fluid + bacteria within the birth canal as it descends during labour
64
- What is the dermoepidermal junction - What does the dermoepidermal junction do
- semipermeable membrane that acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms - important in support, anchor, adhesion , growth and differentiation of basal cells
65
Cells of epidermis
- Keratinocytes - Melanocytes - Merkel Cells - Langerhans Cells

Derm (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions