Basic Science

Question 1

what arteries enter the hilum of the ovary to supply blood?

Answer 1

helicine arteries

Question 2

what ligament do the helicine arteries enter from?

Answer 2

broad ligament

Question 3

are the follicles contained within the cortex or medulla of the ovary?

Answer 3

cortex

Question 4

what is contained in the medulla of an ovary?

Answer 4

blood vessels
nerves
lymphatics
connective tissue

Question 5

describe the superficial layer of the cortex of the ovary?

Answer 5

fibrous cortex covered by epithelium

Question 6

what type of epithelium covers the fibrous cortex of the ovary?

Answer 6

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 7

what is the tunica albuginea of the ovary?

Answer 7

tough fibrous layer of dense connecive tissue

Question 8

at what age do germ cells move into the ovaries of a female?

Answer 8

week 6 of embryonic development

Question 9

what happens to the germ cells once the enter the ovaries?

Answer 9

proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia

Question 10

what happens to oogonia within the ovaries?

Answer 10

divide by meiosis to form oocytes (ova)

Question 11

what is oogenesis?

Answer 11

development of oocytes from oogonia

division via meiosis

Question 12

what is folliculogenesis?

Answer 12

growth of the follicle

Question 13

what does a follicle consist of?

Answer 13

oocyte (ova) and any associated support cells

Question 14

what is atresia?

Answer 14

loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis

Question 15

before birth, what happens to an oocyte?

Answer 15

starts meiosis but the process halts at prophase 1

Question 16

describe the stages of folliculogenesis?

Answer 16

1. primordial follicle
2. primary follicle
3. growing primary follicle
4. pre-antral (secondary) follicle
5. early antral (tertiary) follicle
6. Graafian follicle

Question 17

what cells does the oocyte associate with to form the follcie?

Answer 17

pregranulosa cells

Question 18

what type of cells are pregranulosa cells?

Answer 18

initially squamous

become cuboidal as follicle grows

Question 19

what type of supporting cells are found in the primary follicle?

Answer 19

cuboidal granulosa cells

Question 20

what are the cuboidal granulosa cells in the primary follicle known as?

Answer 20

zona granulosa

Question 21

what happens to the stromal cells that associate with the outside of the primary follicle?

Answer 21

go on to form the theca

Question 22

as the follicle grows, what forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells?

Answer 22

zona pellucida

Question 23

what are the 2 parts of the theca that forms from stromal cells that surround the follicle?

Answer 23

theca interna

theca externa

Question 24

what is the function of the theca interna?

Answer 24

secretes oestrogen precursors

Question 25

what cells convert the oestrogen precursors to oestrogen?

Answer 25

granulosa cells

Question 26

at what stage in folliculogenesis does the antrum form?

Answer 26

secodary follicle

Question 27

what is the antrum within a follicle filled with?

Answer 27

follicular fluid

Question 28

what cells surround the oocyte once the antrum begins to form?

Answer 28

cumulus cells

Question 29

when do oocytes move past prophase 1 and complete meiosis?

Answer 29

1 day before ovulation

Question 30

what is produced by meiosis of the primary oocyte?

Answer 30

secondary oocyte and polar body

Question 31

what is the function of the polar body created by meiosis 1?

Answer 31

carries second nucleus away to degenerate

Question 32

what happens to the secondary oocyte created by meiosis 1?

Answer 32

it starts the second phase of meiosis (meiosis 2) but stops at metaphase II

Question 33

when does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis 2?

Answer 33

only once ovulation and fertilisation by a sperm has occured

Question 34

once ovulation occurs, what does the follicle transform into?

Answer 34

corpus luteum

Question 35

if no implantation occurs, what does the corpus luteum become?

Answer 35

corpus albicans (white connective tissue)

Question 36

if plantation occurs, how is the corpus luteum maintained for a while?

Answer 36

HCG secreted from the placenta prevents degeneration of corpus luteum

Question 37

why is it important that the corpus luteum is maintained for a while after implantation?

Answer 37

to maintain progesterone levels (in turn maintains the pregnancy)

Question 38

how does the ovum move down the uterine tube?

Answer 38

gentle peristalsis and also cilia

Question 39

what is the function of the secretory cells in the epithelium of the uterine tube?

Answer 39

secrete nutrients

Question 40

where does fertilisation usually occur?

Answer 40

ampulla

Question 41

what kind of epithelium lines the ampulla of the uterine tube?

Answer 41

simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretory cells

Question 42

what kind of epihelium lines the isthmus of the uterine tube?

Answer 42

simple columnar epiehleium with mainly secretory cells (a few ciliated cells)

Question 43

compare the number of smooth muscle layers in the ampulla and isthmus of the uterine tube?

Answer 43

2 layers in the ampulla | 3 layers in the isthmus

Question 44

what are the 3 layers of the uterus?

Answer 44

endometrium myometrium perimetrium

Question 45

what is the endometrium of the uterus made up of?

Answer 45

secretory mucosa | -pseudostratified columnar epihtelium lines the secretory glands

Question 46

what is the myometrium of the uterus made up of?

Answer 46

3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue

Question 47

what is the perimetrium of the uterus made up of?

Answer 47

loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

Question 48

what is the endometrium of the uterus divided into?

Answer 48

``` stratum functionalis stratum basalis (deeper) ```

Question 49

what is the function of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium?

Answer 49

undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss

Question 50

what is the function of the stratum basalis of the endometrium?

Answer 50

reserve tissue which regenerates the straum functionalis

Question 51

why does the stroma of the endothelium proliferate?

Answer 51

due to oestrogen

Question 52

during the secretory phase, what do the glands secrete?

Answer 52

glycogen

Question 53

what are the 3 phases of the uterus?

Answer 53

proliferative phase secretory phase menstrual phase

Question 54

what change in the statum funcitonalis occurs causing resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing in the menstrual phase of the uterus?

Answer 54

constriction of arterioles in the stratum functionalis, casing ischamia

Question 55

what type of epithelium does the cervix have?

Answer 55

on vaginal surface it has stratified squamous epithelium | transitions to mucous-secreting simple columnar epithelium

Question 56

where is the most frequent area for dysplasia and neopalstic changes leading to cervical cancer?

Answer 56

in the transition zone from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium

Question 57

what are the secretions from the cervical epithelium like during the proliferative phase? what does this mean for sperm?

Answer 57

thin and watery (allows passage of sperm)

Question 58

what are the secretions from the cervical epithelium like following ovulation? what does this mean for sperm?

Answer 58

thick and viscous (prevents passage of sperm)

Question 59

what are the 4 layers of the vagina?

Answer 59

1. non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. fibromuscular layer 4. adventitia

Question 60

why is the stratified squamous epithelium layer of the vagina thicker during reproductive years?

Answer 60

cells enlarged with glycogen

Question 61

what are the 2 layers of muscle in the fibromuscular layer of the vagina?

Answer 61

inner circular smooth muscle | outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 62

how is the vagina lubricated?

Answer 62

mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from blood vessels of lamina propria

Question 63

what inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina?

Answer 63

commensal bacteria metabolising glycogen to lactic acid

Question 64

what is the mons pubis?

Answer 64

skin overlying a substantial subcutaneous fat pad, contains highly oblique hair follicles

Question 65

what is the labia majora?

Answer 65

extensions of mons pubis, subcutaneous fat pad, rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebacous glands

Question 66

what is the labia minora?

Answer 66

thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands

Question 67

where is the transition from keratinised epithelium to non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium in the opening of the vagina?

Answer 67

at level of hymen

Question 68

what is the erectile vascular tissue of the clitoris made of?

Answer 68

corpora cavernosa

Question 69

does the male reproductive system stem from the mesonephric or paramesonerphric duct?

Answer 69

mesonephric duct

Question 70

does the female reproductive system stem from the mesonephric or paramesonephric duct?

Answer 70

paramesonephric duct

Question 71

embryologically, what controls the descent of the testes?

Answer 71

gubernaculum

Question 72

chorionic villus biopsy uses what fetal cells?

Answer 72

placental cells

Question 73

amniocentesis uses what fetal cells?

Answer 73

skin/urine cells

Question 74

fetal blood sampling uses what fetal cells?

Answer 74

blood cells

Question 75

from how many weeks can fetal blood sampling be used?

Answer 75

18 weeks gestation

Question 76

what is confined placental mosaicism?

Answer 76

difference between chromosomal make up of placenta and baby

Question 77

what genetic sampling test can confined placental mosaicism affect?

Answer 77

chorionic villus sampling

Question 78

what is robertsonian translocation?

Answer 78

two acrocentric chromosomes stuck end to end

Question 79

what is an acrocentric chromosome?

Answer 79

a chromosome in which the centromere is near one end of the chromosome

Question 80

why is it important whether robertsonian translocation is present in the mother or father or a baby?

Answer 80

increased risk of trisomy in the baby

Question 81

why do array comparative genomic hybridisation look normal in patients with a balanced translocation of chromosomes?

Answer 81

aCGH only detects imbalances