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ABOS Part 1 > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of beta lactams

A

Altered membrane-binding protein

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2
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of quinolones

A

Mutations of bacterial DNA gyrase

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3
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of Tetracyclines

A

increased tetracycline efflux, ribosome protection, and tetracycline modification

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4
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of rifampin

A

Alteration of RNA polymerase

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5
Q

Vitronectin

A

important receptor involved in Osteoclasts attach to bone surfaces by means of integrins and then seal the space below.

also integrin avß3

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6
Q

RANK

A

receptor on osteoclasts that when activated by RANKL stimulates osteoclasts. RANKL is found on osteoblasts.

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7
Q

Osteoprotegerin (OPG)

A

decreases osteoclast differentiation by it’s interaction with RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand). OPG is made by osteoblasts and binds to RANKL (RANK Ligand) to competitively inhibit RANK binding.

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8
Q

PDGF (Platelet Derived Growth Factor)

A

involved in fracture healing. It is chemotactic and attracts inflammatory cells to the fracture site and is important in early fracture healing, especially the hematoma formation.

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9
Q

TGF-B (transforming growth factor Beta)

A

induces mesenchymal cells to produce type II collagen & proteoglycans. It is important in the early stages of fracture callus formation.

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10
Q

Doxycycline MOA

A

inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit.

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11
Q

clindamycin MOA

A

inhibit the 50s ribosomal subunit.

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12
Q

Penicillin MOA

A

cell wall synthesis.

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13
Q

vancomycin MOA

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis.

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14
Q

linezolid MOA

A

inhibit the 50s ribosomal subunit.

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15
Q

Sulfonamides MOA

A

folic acid inhibitors.

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16
Q

Rifampin MOA

A

RNA synthesis inhibitor.

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17
Q

Inhibits cell-wall production by preventing peptidoglycan cross-linkage

A

Cephalosporins

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18
Q

Inhibits cell-wall production by interfering with the addition of cell-wall subunits

A

Glycopeptides - vancomycin

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19
Q

Inhibits translation through irreversible binding of the 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Aminoglycosides

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20
Q

Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase F

A

Rifamycins

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21
Q

Inhibits DNA gyrase

A

Fluoroquinolones

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22
Q

amphotericin

A

binds to sterols and disrupting the cell membrane also nystatin

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23
Q

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

A

PAX3-FKHR fusion gene - 1:13

PAX7-FKHR fusion gene - 2:13

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24
Q

Ewings Sarcoma

A

EWS-Fli1 fusion gene - 11:22

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25
Multiple hereditary exostosis
EXT1, EXT2, EXR3 | Multiple Osteochondromas
26
Trabecular bone is remodeled through the formation of?
Howship lacunae : After the pit is formed, osteoclasts are replaced by osteoblasts that form new bone matrix
27
Synovial sarcoma
SYT-SSX fusion gene - t(x,18) foot 15-20
28
Parosteal osteosarcoma
Ring chromosomes
29
Stress
force per cross-sectional area
30
Strain
Strain is the deformation of a material in response to an applied force change in length/original length
31
Modulus of Elasticity
slope of the stress-strain curve | measure of an object's ability to resist deformation under an external load.
32
Toughness
the area under the stress-strain curve and is a measure of the amount of energy a material can absorb before failure
33
Creep
increased displacement over time attributable to the same force
34
What molecules have been shown to promote fibrosis during muscle injury
TGF-ß1
35
important trophic factors in muscle regeneration
Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) | Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
36
What dominant intracellular proteins become directly phosphorylated as a result of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) binding to its receptors - See more at:
SMADS
37
myasthenia gravis
loss of acetylcholine receptors secondary to autoimmune antibodies at the NM junction.
38
Mann-Whitney U test
used when data are nonparametric, meaning either not normally distributed or variances are not equal among groups
39
Low Molecular weight Heparin
bind to antithrombin | increases the ability of antithrombin to inhibit thrombin and Factor Xa
40
Warfarin
Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation intervenes with cyclic interconversion of vitamin K and its 2, 3 epoxide leading to hepatic synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X with reduced activity
41
Fondaparinux
Inhibition of factor Xa through antithromin binding
42
Enoxaparin
Inhibition of factor Xa through antithromin binding
43
Aspirin
Binding of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2
44
Argatroban
YOUR RESPONSE: 4- Direct thrombin inhibition
45
Hemophilia
X linked Factor 8 Hemarthrosis
46
Von Willebrand disease is a and not hemarthroses.
lack of von Willebrand factor that leads to decreased platelet aggregation; mucosal bleeding
47
Protein C and S deficiencies
AD lead to thrombosis protein C and S shut off thrombin formation.
48
Calcitonin
directly interfering with osteoclast maturation via receptors inhibits phosphate reabsorption decreases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
49
Dkk-1 (dickkopf-1) & sclerostin
inhibit the binding of the Wnt molecule to receptors LRP5/6
50
Wnt
binds LRP5/6 inhibits phosphorylation of the ß-catenin
51
ß-catenin
part of Wnt pathway | osteoblast formation differentiation
52
Dystrophin
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) X-linked muscular disorder
53
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2)
cleidocranial dysplasia
54
Mutations of collagen type
OI
55
Neurofibromin
protein product of the NF-1 gene associated with neurofibromatosis
56
FGFR3
achondroplasia
57
Fibrin
Marfan syndrome
58
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein mutations
pseudoachondroplasia have short stature (3.5-4.5 feet) Radiographically, patient appearance is normal at birth but severely abnormal with growth. multiple joint deformities and normal facies
59
COL2A
spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias facies with mild midface flattening, short necks, and barrel-shaped chests
60
Drug Resistance : quinolones
Mutations of bacterial DNA gyrase
61
Drug Resistance : beta -lactams
Altered membrane-binding protein
62
Drug Resistance: Tetracyclines
increased tetracycline efflux, ribosome protection, and tetracycline modification
63
Drug Resistance: rifampin
Alteration of RNA polymerase
64
Integrin
promotes tumor cell attachment to bone during metastasis
65
Heuter-Volkmann
bone placed in longitudinal tension will tend to stimulate longitudinal growth, and that compressive longitudinal forces inhibit longitudinal growth
66
Wolff's law
bone remodels in response to mechanical stress, with the correlate that increased stress causes increased growth, and decreased stress leads to bone loss.
67
Adult Lyme Dx Abx
amoxicillin doxycycline cefuroxime
68
PITX1-TBX4
Club foot, Single nuclear polymorphism (SNP)
69
COLIA-1
osteoporosis
70
COL5A / COL3A
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
71
Activating missense mutations of GNAS
Fibrous Dysplasia
72
Fusion transcripts of HEY1-NCOA2
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
73
Ring chromosomes with CDK4 and MDMK amplification
low-grade central osteosarcoma or parosteal osteosarcoma
74
Fibrous Dysplasia
Activating missense mutations of GNAS
75
CDH11-USP6
aneurysmal bone cysts
76
Poland syndrome /Sprengel deformity
interruption of the embryonic subclavian blood supply
77
Fibular hemimelia
``` NO known genetic component absent ACL absent rays of the foot tarsal coalition hypoplastic or aplastic fibula leg-length discrepancy femoral and tibial hypoplasia lower extremity angular deformity ```
78
Distal arthrogryposis
MYH3 mutation | gene which codes for myosin heavy chain 3
79
The NF1
Chromosome 17, codes for neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor autosomal dominant inheritance 50% of new cases are due to sporadic mutation
80
Dystrophic scoliosis
``` typical of NF1 scalloped vertebra penciled ribs severe rotation sharp and short (4-6 vertebrae) kyphoscoliosis ```
81
MYH3 mutation
Distal arthrogryposis
82
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
``` Chromosome 11 near the IGF gene Neonatal hypoglycemia macroglossia visceromegaly hemihypertrophy embryonal tumors, especially Wilms tumor ```
83
Etanercept
Soluble receptor that binds TNF-α
84
Infliximab
Monoclonal antibody that binds TNF-α
85
Warfarin􏰀
􏰀inhibits 􏰀clotting 􏰀factors 􏰀II,􏰀VII,􏰀IX,􏰀X. inhibition􏰀 of􏰀 hepatic 􏰀enzymes, 􏰀vitamin 􏰀K􏰀epoxide = lack􏰀 of􏰀 carboxylation 􏰀of􏰀 vitamin􏰀 K􏰁 dependent􏰀 proteins 􏰀(II,􏰀VII,􏰀IX,􏰀X)
86
Factor V Leiden
caused 􏰀by􏰀 an􏰀abnormality􏰀 of􏰀 factor􏰀 V􏰀 that 􏰀leads 􏰀to 􏰀decreased 􏰀inactivation􏰀 of􏰀 factor 􏰀Va􏰀 by􏰀 activated 􏰀protein􏰀C 􏰀(aPC)􏰀 and􏰀 increased 􏰀blood􏰀 clotting.􏰀 Single AA substitution
87
LMWH
Factor Xa

ABOS Part 1 (3 decks)

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