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GCUH FRACP Writtens 2020 > Basic Sciences > Flashcards

Basic Sciences Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are the transition points of first and second order neurons?

A

Cranial nuclei and anterior horn cells

A lesion of this will lead to LMN signs, same as a 2nd order neuron lesion

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2
Q

In which lobe is the hippocampus?

A

Temporal lobe

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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Frontal lobe

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4
Q

Where is the sensory motor cortex location?

A

Parietal lobe

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5
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal lobe

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6
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Lower medulla

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7
Q

Which part of the brain is the terminal for all sensory nerves?

A

Thalamus

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8
Q

Within the thalamus, what do the anterior, lateral, medial and posterior nuclei do?

A

Anterior - language and memory function

Lateral - motor and sensory function

Medial - arousal and memory

Posterior - visual function

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9
Q

What are the 4 medial structures of the brainstem?

A

Motor pathway

Medial lemniscus

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Motor nucleus

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10
Q

What are the 4 side structures of the brainstem?

A

Spinocerebellar pathways

Spinothalamic pathways

Sensory nucleus of the 5th CN

Sympathetic tract

Note - all begin with S

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11
Q

What is Frank-Starling’s law of the heart?

A

The stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction (i.e. preload) when all other factors remain constant.

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12
Q

What is the modified Bernoulli equation for echo assessment of systolic PA pressure?

A

PASP = 4V^2 + RAP

Assuming no RVOT obstruction

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13
Q

Which part of an antibody do immune cells bind to?

A

Fc region

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14
Q

What is the function of a peroxisome?

A

Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids and amino acids

Results in the formation of hydrogen peroxide

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15
Q

What is the function of a proteosome?

A

Along with the lysosome pathway involved in degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin

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16
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Translation of RNA into proteins

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17
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Breakdown of large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides

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18
Q

What is the function of a nucleolus?

A

Ribosome production

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19
Q

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages molecules that are destined for cell secretion

Site of O-linked glycosylation

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20
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Steroid and lipid synthesis

Examples of cells which have extensive SER includes those in the testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex and hepatocytes

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21
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Translation and folding of new proteins

Manufacture of lysosomal enzymes

Site of N-linked glycosylation

Cells with extensive RER include pancreatic cells, goblet cells, plasma cells

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22
Q

What is p53, where is it located and what is its function?

A

p53 is a tumour suppressor gene on chromosome 17p

Prevents entry into S phase of cell cycle until DNA has been checked and repaired

Implicated in breast, colon and lung cancer, among others

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23
Q

What is the main source of IL-1, and what are its functions?

A

Macrophages

Acute inflammation and induction of fever

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24
Q

What is the main source of IL-2, and what is its function?

A

Th1 cells

Stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response

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25
What is the main source of IL-3, and what is its function?
Activated T helper cells Stimulates differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells
26
What is the main source of IL-4, and what is its function?
Th2 cells Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B cells
27
What is the main source of IL-5, and what is its function?
Th2 cells Stimulate production of eosinophils
28
What are the main sources of IL-6, and what are its functions?
Macrophages, Th2 cells Stimulates differentiation of B cells, induces fever
29
What is the main source of IL-8, and what is its function?
Macrophages Neutrophil chemotaxis
30
What is the main source of IL-10, and what are its functions?
Th2 cells Inhibits Th1 cytokine production Also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor and is an "anti-inflammatory" cytokine
31
What are the main sources of IL-12, and what are its functions?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells Activates NK cells and stimulates differentiation if naive T cells into Th1 cells
32
What is the main source of TNFa, and what is its function?
Macrophages Induces fever and neutrophil chemotaxis
33
What is the main source of IFNy, and what is its function?
Th1 cells Activates macrophages
34
What is the role of hepcidin in regulation of the body’s iron stores?
Binds to ferroportin on basolateral surface of gut enterocytes and plasma membrane of reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages) Causes internalisation and degradation of ferroportin Iron is trapped in enterocyte/reticular endothelial cell
35
What are the subunits of HbA, HbA2 and HbF?
HbA - a2b2 HbA2 - a2d2 HbF - a2y2
36
Name 6 causes of microcytic anaemia
Iron Thalassaemia Anaemia of inflammation/chronic disease Hyperthyroidism Lead poisoning Congenital sideroblastic anaemia
37
What are common self surface markers for B cells? Name 4.
CD19 CD20 Kappa Lambda An individual B cell can only express either kappa or lambda light chains.
38
What are the common cell surface markers for T-cells? Name 4.
CD3 CD4 CD8 CD5
39
What is the cell surface marker for stem cells?
CD34
40
What are the cell surface markers for granulocytes? Name 3.
CD33 CD13 CD15
41
What are the cell surface markers for monocytes? Name 2.
CD14 CD64
42
Which factors does prothrombin complex concentrate contain?
Factor II Factor VIIa Factor VIII Factor IX Factor X
43
Name 4 mechanisms of metastatic spread in malignancies.
Haematogenous spread Lymphatic spread Transcoelomic spread - direct seeding of peritoneal/pleural cavity Transplantation
44
Name the phases of the cell cycle and what happens during each.
G1 - cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, are duplicated S - each of the 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell G2 - chromosome errors are checked for, with repairs made if necessary Mitosis - cell divides
45
Name 4 types of monoclonal antibodies, and associated nomenclature.
Mouse - -omab Chimeric (34% mouse protein) - -uximab Humanised (10% mouse protein) - uzumab Fully human - umumab
46
What does a phase one study aim to do?
Dose defining study - find out maximum tolerated dose Given in population with target disease
47
What does a phase two study aim to do?
Look for signal of efficacy.
48
What does a phase three study aim to do?
Comparing experimental with standard i.e. effectiveness.
49
In the context of antibiotic resistance, what is conjugation?
Direct cell-to-cell contact, considered main mode of horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes Plasmid exchange via a bacterial pilus
50
In the context of antibiotic resistance, what is transduction?
Transduction is the transfer to genetic material from one bacterium to another using a viral vector (i.e. a bacteriophage)
51
In the context of antibiotic resistance, what is transformation?
Transformation is when free short fragments of DNA (through death and lysis of another bacterium) are taken up by naturally transferable bacteria
52
How does GFR change in pregnancy?
GFR increased by 50% within 6 weeks - maximal 12-20 weeks Equal afferent and efferent arteriolar dilatation maintains glomerular hydrostatic pressure
53
How does hyperkalaemia impact upon blood pH?
Increases pH
54
What is the main site of potassium absorption in the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
55
In normal conditions, what makes the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the urine small?
Reabsorption of bicarbonate ions by type A and B intercalated cells in the proximal tubule
56
How does angiotensin II impact upon renal blood flow?
Renal blood flow is reduced by elevated plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and vice versa.
57
How does renal sympathetic activity impact upon renal blood flow?
Renal sympathetic activity = renal afferent arteriolar constriction = reduced renal blood flow
58
How does partial compression/occlusion of the renal artery impact upon renin secretion, urine output and arterial blood pressure?
Reduction in renal arterial pressure results in reduced GFR, and thus the NaCl in the macula densa, which then stimulates renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
59
What are the 3 functions of vasopressin?
Increasing water permeability of initial and cortical collecting tubules via insertion of aquaporin-2 channels - effect mediated by V2 receptors Augmenting urea absorption in the inner medullary collecting ducts Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle
60
What is the role of the alpha intercalated cells in the kidney?
The alpha intercalated cells are responsible for secreting excess acid and reabsorbing base. Alpha = secrete Acid
61
What is the role of the alpha intercalated cells in the kidney?
The beta intercalated cells are responsible for secreting excess base (bicarbonate) and reabsorbing acid. Beta = secrete Base
62
What compound does a healthy liver convert ammonia to?
Glutamine

GCUH FRACP Writtens 2020 (14 decks)

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