Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRCS Part A > Basic Sciences Paper > Flashcards

Basic Sciences Paper Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the scalp consist of and what are they?

A

5 layers. Mnemonic ‘SCALP’
Skin
dense Connective tissue
epicranial Aponeurosis
Loose Areolar connective tissue
Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the ‘danger area’ of the scalp?

A

loose connective tissue layer
it contains emissary veins = potential pathway for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the arterial supply to the scalp?

A

External Carotid Artery - 3 branches; superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital
Ophthalmic Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the deep venous drainage of the scalp?

A

pterygoid venous plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What innervates the scalp between the anterolateral forehead and the vertex?

A

Supraorbital nerve - branch of ophthalmic (Trigeminal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the superficial venous drainage of the scalp?

A

superficial temporal, occipital, posterior auricular, supraorbital and supratrochlear veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the Zygomaticotemporal nerve supply?

A

temple area of the scalp
branch of maxillary nerve (trigeminal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What connects the scalp to the dural venous sinus and creates a potential infection route?

A

emissary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What nerve supplies the anteromedial forehead?

A

Supratrochlear nerve - branch of ophthalmic nerve (Trigeminal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the innervation of the scalp?

A

Trigeminal Nerve
Cervical Nerve Roots C2 & C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What innervates the scalp anterosuperior to the auricle?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What innervates the skin posterior to the ear?

A

Lesser occipital nerve - from anterior ramus division of C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What innervates the occipital region skin?

A

Greater occipital nerve - from posterior ramus of C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the great auricular nerve supply?

A

skin posterior to the ear and over the angle of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the great auricular nerve derive from?

A

Anterior rami of C2 & C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Third Occipital Nerve supply?

A

Skin of the inferior occipital region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the third occipital nerve derive from?

A

posterior ramus of C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What muscle prevents closure of bleeding vessels and surrounding skin in a scalp laceration?

A

Occipitofrontalis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 3 bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the anterolateral border of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Inner surface of the Frontal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the posteromedial border of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Limbus of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the posterolateral border of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What makes up the floor of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal bone, ethmoid bone and the anterior aspects of the body and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the falx cerebri attach to?

A

Frontal crest - midline ridge of the frontal bone
and
Crista galli of the ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is either side of the crista galli?

A

Cribriform plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of the cribriform plate?

A

Supports olfactory bulb and has foramina that can transmit vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the anterior ethmoidal foramen and posterior ethmoidal foramen?

A

Larger foramina on the cribriform plate on the ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What travels through the anterior ethmoidal foramen?

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve, vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What travels through the posterior ethmoidal foramen?

A

posterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the thinnest part of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Cribriform Plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the consequences of a cribriform plate fracture?

A
  1. Anosmia - olfactory nerves can be sheared and therefore loss of sense of smell
  2. CSF rhinorrhoea - fracture can tear the meningeal covering of the brain causing CSP leak = clear fluid from nasal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa contain?

A

anteroinferior portions of the frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa contain?

A

pituitary gland
temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What bones make up the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid
Temporal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the anterolateral border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wings of the sphenoid

32
Q

What is the anteromedial border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Limbus of the sphenoid bone

33
Q

What is the posterolateral border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone

34
Q

What is the posteromedial border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone

35
Q

What forms the floor of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Body & greater wing of the sphenoid
squamous and petrous part of the temporal bone

36
Q

What is the saddle shaped bony prominence that supports the pituitary gland and where is it?

A

Sella turcica
in the Middle Cranial Fossa

37
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sella turcica?

A
  1. tuberculum sellae
  2. hypophysial fossa / pituitary fssa
  3. dorsum sellae
38
Q

What are the main foramina of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa?

A
  1. optic canals
  2. superior orbital fissure
  3. foramen rotundum
  4. foramen ovale
  5. foramen spinosum
39
Q

What travels through the optic canals?

A
  1. Optic Nerves (CN II)
  2. Ophthalmic arteries
40
Q

What travels through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  1. Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  2. Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
  3. ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1)
  4. Abducens nerve (CN VI)
  5. ophthalmic veins and sympathetic fibres
41
Q

What travels through the foramen rotundum?

A
  1. maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
42
Q

What travels through the foramen ovale?

A
  1. mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
  2. accessory meningeal artery
43
Q

What travels through the foramen spinosum?

A
  1. Middle meningeal artery
  2. middle meningeal vein
  3. meningeal branch of CN V3
44
Q

What are the main foramina of the temporal bone in the middle cranial fossa?

A
  1. Hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve
  2. hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve
  3. Carotid Canal
45
Q

What travels through the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve?

A
  1. greater petrosal nerve (branch of the facial nerve)
  2. petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery
46
Q

What travels through the hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve?

A
  1. lesser petrosal nerve - branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
47
Q

What travels through the carotid canal?

A
  1. Internal carotid artery
  2. deep petrosal nerve
48
Q

What is in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

brainstem and cerebellum

49
Q

What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?

A
  1. occipital bone
  2. two temporal bones
50
Q

What is the anteromedial border of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone

51
Q

What is the anterolateral border of the posterior cranial nerve?

A

superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone

52
Q

What is the posterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

internal surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone

53
Q

What is the floor of the posterior cranial fossa made of?

A

mastoid part of the temporal bone
squamous, condylar and basilar parts of the occipital bone

54
Q

What parts make up the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblogata
pons
midbrain

55
Q

What travels through the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  1. Facial nerve (CN VII)
  2. Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
  3. Labyrinthine artery
56
Q

What are the main foramina in the posterior cranial fossa?

A
  1. Internal acoustic meatus - temporal bone
  2. foramen magnum - occipital bone
  3. jugular foramina - occipital bone
  4. hypoglossal canal - occipital bone
57
Q

What travels through the foramen magnum?

A
  1. medulla
  2. meninges
  3. vertebral arteries
  4. ascending spinal accessory nerve
  5. dural veins
  6. anterior and posterior spinal arteries
58
Q

What travels through the jugular foramina?

A
  1. glossopharyngeal nerve
  2. vagus nerve
  3. descending spinal accessory nerve
  4. internal jugular vein
  5. inferior petrosal sinus
  6. sigmoid sinus
  7. meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
59
Q

What travels through the hypoglossal canal?

A
  1. hypoglossal nerve
60
Q

What is MacEwen’s Triangle or supra meatal triangle?

A

Mastoid Fossa - bony landmark of the temporal bone

61
Q

What is the relevance of the mastoid fossa?

A

Important anatomical landmark in otologic surgery

62
Q

What is the superior border of the mastoid fossa?

A

Supramastoid crest - extension of the upper border of the posterior root of the zygomatic process

63
Q

What is the anterior border of the mastoid fossa?

A

Suprameatal Spine (Spine of Henle) - projection of bone at posterosuperior aspect of the opening of the external acoustic meatus

64
Q

What is the posterior border of the mastoid fossa?

A

Hypothetical vertical line that is tangential to the mid-point of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal

65
Q

What is the ‘safe area’ for beginning the drilling approach during a cortical mastoidectomy?

A

mastoid fossa/MacEwen’s triangle - no structures other than mastoid antrum underneath

66
Q

What is a cortical mastoidectomy for?

A

It’s the removal of mastoid air cells especially for severe acute mastoiditis

67
Q

Where is the infratemporal fossa located?

A

base of skull, deep to masseter muscle

68
Q

What other fossae is the infratemporal fossa closely related to?

A

pterygopalatine fossa
temporal fossa

69
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the infratemporal fossa?

A

condylar process and ramus of the mandible bone

70
Q

What is the Medial border of the infratemporal fossa?

A

lateral pterygoid plate, tensor veli palatine, levator veli palatine and superior constrictor muscles

71
Q

What is the Anterior border of the infratemporal fossa?

A

posterior border of the maxillary sinus

72
Q

What is the Posterior border of the infratemporal fossa?

A

carotid sheath

73
Q

What is the roof of the infratemporal fossa?

A

greater wing of the sphenoid bone

74
Q

What is the floor of the infratemporal fossa?

A

medial pterygoid muscle

75
Q

What muscles are located inside the infratemporal fossa?

A

medial and lateral pterygoids

76
Q

What muscles insert/originate into the borders of the infratemporal fossa?

A

masseter and temporalis muscles

77
Q

What nerves pass through the infratemporal fossa?

A
  1. Mandibular nerve - branch of trigeminal CN V - motor and sensory
  2. Auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar nerves - sensory branches of trigeminal
  3. Chorda tympani - facial nerve CN VII branch
  4. Otic ganglion - parasympathetic neurone cell bodies
78
Q

What vasculature is contained in the infratemporal fossa?

A
  1. Maxillary artery - terminal branch of external carotid - then gives rise to middle meningeal artery as it passes through
  2. Pterygoid venous plexus
  3. Maxillary vein
  4. Middle meningeal vein
79
Q

What structure could be damaged by a punch to the side of the skull?

A

the pterion

80
Q

What is the Pterion?

A

It’s the point where temporal, patietal, frontal and sphenoid bones meet

81
Q

What can happen if you fracture the pterion?

A

Trauma can damage the MMA, causing raised ICP

MRCS Part A (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions