Basic Statistics: Chapter 1, 2, & 5: Exam I

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

The science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions. It is also about providing a measure of confidence in conclusions

Question 2

Data

Answer 2

A fact or proposition used to draw a conclusion or make a decision, it describes the characteristics of an individual

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

The entire group of individuals to be studied

Question 4

Individual

Answer 4

A person or object that is a member of the population being studied

Question 5

Sample

Answer 5

A subset of the population being studied

Question 6

Descriptive statistics

Answer 6

Consists of organizing and summarizing data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs

Question 7

Statistic

Answer 7

Is a numerical summary based on a sample

Question 8

Inferential statistics

Answer 8

Uses methods that take results from a sample,extends them to the population, and measures the reliability of the result

Question 9

Parameter

Answer 9

A numerical summary of a population

Question 10

Variables

Answer 10

The characteristics of the individuals within the population

Question 11

Qualitative or Categorical variables

Answer 11

Allow for classification of individuals based on some attribute or characteristic, for example: eye color, hair color, birth place, citizenship, zip code, bank account number, jersey number

Question 12

Quantitative variables

Answer 12

Provide numerical measures of individuals, arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on the values of the variable and provide meaningful results

Question 13

Discrete variable

Answer 13

A quantitative variable that either has a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values such as from countering 0,1,2,3 and so on

Question 14

Continuous variable

Answer 14

A quantitative variable that has an infinite variable that has a n infinite number of possible values it can take on and can be measured to any desired level of accuracy

Question 15

Lower class limit

Answer 15

The smallest value within the class

Question 16

Upper class limit

Answer 16

The largest value within the class

Question 17

Class width

Answer 17

The difference between consecutive lower class limits

Question 18

Frequent distribution

Answer 18

Lists each category of data and the number of occurrences for each category of data

Question 19

Relative frequency

Answer 19

The proportion (or percent) of observations within a category and is found using the formula

Question 20

Relative frequency distribution

Answer 20

Lists the relative frequency of each category of data

Question 21

Steps for obtaining a simple random sample

Answer 21

1. Obtain a frame that lists all the individuals in population of interest
2. Number the individuals in the frame 1-N
3. Use a random number table, graphing calculator, or statistical software to randomly generate n numbers where n is the desired sample size

Question 22

Bias

Answer 22

If the results of the sample are not representative of the population

Question 23

Three sources of bias

Answer 23

Sampling bias, nonresponse bias, response bias

Question 24

Sampling bias

Answer 24

Means that the technique used to obtain the individuals to be in the sample tends to favor one part of the population over another

Question 25

Undercover age

Answer 25

A type of sampling bias that occurs when the proportion of one segment of the population is lower a sample than it is in the population

Question 26

Nonresponse bias

Answer 26

Exists when individuals selected to be in the sample who do not respond to the survey have different opinions from those who do

Question 27

Response bias

Answer 27

Exists when the answers on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent

Question 28

Nonsampling errors

Answer 28

Errors that result from sampling bias, nonresponse bias, response bias, or data-entry error. Such errors could also be present in a complete census of the population

Question 29

Sampling error

Answer 29

Error that results from using a sample to estimate information about a population. This type of error occurs because a sample gives incomplete information about a population

Question 30

observational study

Answer 30

Measures the value of the response variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or explanatory variables

Question 31

Designed experiment

Answer 31

If a researcher assigns individuals in a study to a certain group, intentionally changes the value of the explanatory variable, and then records the value of the response variable for each group

Question 32

Confounding

Answer 32

In a study when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated. Therefore, any relation that may exist between an explanatory variable and the response variable may be due to other variable or variables not accounted for in the study

Question 33

Lurking variable

Answer 33

An explanatory variable that was not considered in a study, but that affect the value of the response variable in the study

Question 34

See Shapes and Symmetry

Answer 34

See Shapes and Symmetry

Question 35

Experiment

Answer 35

An act or process of observation that leads to a single outcome that cannot be predicted with certainty

Question 36

Probability

Answer 36

A measure of the likelihood of a random phenomenon or chance behavior

Question 37

Probability Experiment

Answer 37

Any process that can be repeated in which the results are uncertain

Question 38

Sample Space

Answer 38

S, of a probability experience to is the collection of all possible outcomes

Question 39

Event

Answer 39

Any collection of outcomes from a probability experiment

Question 40

Simple events

Answer 40

ei, events with one outcome

Question 41

Probability model

Answer 41

Lists the possible outcomes of a probability experiment and each outcome's probability

Question 42

Independent

Answer 42

If the occurrences of event E in a probability experiment does not affect the probability of event F

Question 43

Dependent

Answer 43

The occurrence of event E in a probability experiment affects the probability experiment affects the probability of event F

Question 44

Complement

Answer 44

Any event A is the event that A dos not occur, A c

Question 45

Probability of an event

Answer 45

The sum of the probabilities of the outcomes in the sample space for the event

Question 46

Impossible

Answer 46

The probability of the event is 0

Question 47

Certainty

Answer 47

Probability of the event is 1

Question 48

Unusual event

Answer 48

An event that has a low probability of occurring

Question 49

Disjoint

Answer 49

Two events are this if they have no outcomes in common

Question 50

Mutually exclusive

Answer 50

Another name for disjoint events