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biochem > BASIC THEMES: INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

BASIC THEMES: INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

=the branch of science concerned with the
chemical and physicochemical processes and substances that occur within living
organisms.
= governs all living organisms and living
processes.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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2
Q 
=are macromolecules or "giant molecules" They are giant because they are polymers
made of hundreds or even thousands of
smaller molecules.
smaller molecules.
= Molecules of life.
A

BIOMOLECULES

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3
Q

Types of biomolecules

A

1) Proteins
2) Nucleic Acid
3) Nucleotides
4) Carbohydrates
5) Lipids

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4
Q

most prominent for its ability to self- bonding. It is notable because it is tetravalent, it can form bonds with itself and with other elements giving rile to different monomers such as amino acids, nucleotides, and sugar monomers (monosaccharides)

A

CARBON

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5
Q

what are the 6 elements that make up biomolecules?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous

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6
Q

It pertains to any organism or a life form that possesses or shows the characteristics of life or being alive.

A

LIVING THINGS

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7
Q

It is the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives.

A

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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8
Q

Substance that undergo same reaction belong to the same functional groups.

A

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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9
Q

=German chemist who disapproved the vital force in 1828
=experimenting synthesized urea
=waste product of animal metabolism, from ammonium cyanate

A

FREDRICH WOHLER

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10
Q

a numerous combination of atoms that form parts of chemical molecules, that undergo characteristic reactions themselves, and that in many cases influence the reactivity of the remainder of each molecule.

A

FUNCTION GROUPS

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11
Q

=Reaction of phosphoric acid with a hydroxyl group.

A

ESTER

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12
Q

=P-O-R LINKAGE

A

ESTER

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13
Q

Red spheres:__
White:___
Green:___
Orange:____

A

RED: OXYGEN
WHITE: HYDROGEN
GREEN: CARBON
ORANGE: PHOSPHORUS

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14
Q

reaction of two molecules of phosphoric acid.

A

ANHYDRIDE

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15
Q

Contains a P-O-P linkage

A

ANHYDRIDE

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16
Q

two anhydride linkages and one ester.

A

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

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17
Q

is mainly attempt to understand the behavior of entire biological systems.

A

SYSTEM BIOLOGY

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18
Q

is one that test experimental and control groups in parallel

A

CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

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19
Q

origin of the Universe; cataclysmic explosion.

A

BIG BANG

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20
Q

elements formed in the original big bang

explosion:

A

HYDROGEN, HELIUM AND SOME LITHIUM

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21
Q

Most abundant isotopes:

A

CARBON, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND SULFUR

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22
Q

How does the chemical elements formed? (3 WAYS)

A

(1) by thermonuclear reactions that normally take place in stars.
(2) Explosions of stars.
(3) by the action of cosmic rays outside the
stars since the formation of the galaxy.

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23
Q

the original stars produced after the beginning of the Universe.

A

FIRST GENERATION STARS

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24
Q

destroyed the first generation stars.

A

SUPERNOVAS

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25
Q

uses the decay of unstable nuclei.

A

RADIOACTIVE DATING

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26
Q

What is the age of the Earth?

A

4 BILLION TO 5 BILLION YEARS

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27
Q

There is a lot of free oxygen existed in the early stages. T OR F?

A

FALSE.

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28
Q

When did CO2 existed in the atmosphere?

A

3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO

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29
Q

most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.

A

Silicon (26%) and Aluminum (7.5%)

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30
Q

When substances such as proteins and nucleic acids are produced abiotically (from the Greek “abios”, meaning “not alive”), they are physiologically significant.

A

BIOMOLECULES

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31
Q

typical products of such reactions; amino

acids; building blocks of proteins.

A 
FORMALDEHYDE (HCHO) AND
HYDROGEN CYANIDE (HCN)
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32
Q

smaller molecules; amino acids, nucleotides, and monosaccharides

A

MONOMERS

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33
Q

are polymers macromolecules? YES OR NO

A

YES

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34
Q

combine by polymerization to form proteins.

A

AMINO ACIDS (MONOMERS)

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35
Q

=polymerization of sugar

=Many monosaccharides linked together

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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36
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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37
Q

Monomers of nucleotides. Its sequence

encodes genetic code and they are called molecules of heredity.

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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38
Q

Where can you find ribosomes?

A

Cytosol

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39
Q

total DNA of a cell

A

GENOME

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40
Q

individual units of relativity which controls the expression of individual traits.

A

GENES

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41
Q

DNA stands for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acids.

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42
Q

RNA stands for?

A

ribonucleic acids.

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43
Q

How can you determine a protein’s properties?

A

by the amino acids sequence

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44
Q

The effect of monomers sequence on the properties of polymers.

A

CATALYTIC ACTIVITY

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45
Q

=increases the rates of chemical reactions compared with uncatalyzed reactions

A

CATALYSIS

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46
Q

Refers to the relationship between nucleotide sequences in nucleic acids and amino acid sequences in proteins

A

GENETIC CODE

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47
Q

How do monomers form?

A

by smaller molecules

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48
Q

How do polymers form?

A

EU hundreds or thousands of monomers are linked to produce polymers

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49
Q

How do proteins form?

A

amino acids (the monomers)combine by polymerization to form protein

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50
Q

How do nucleic acids form?

A

Nucleotides combine`

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51
Q

How do polysaccharides form?

A

polymerization of sugar monomers produces polysaccharides

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52
Q

“true nucleus”
 more complex organisms
 can be multicellular or single-celled.
Are part of the cell that has its own membrane within the cell. Plasma membrane is the only membrane in this

A

EUKARYOTES

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53
Q

What is the respiratory organelles?

A

Mitochondria

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54
Q

What is the internal membrane in eukaryote?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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55
Q

The sites of protein synthesis in all livingorganisms are called?

A

ribosomes

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56
Q

=no well-defined nucleus is present

 the DNA of the cell is concentrated in one region called the nuclear region.

A

PROKARYOTES

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57
Q

Part of the cell that has distinct function

A

ORGANELLE

58
Q

are made up of linked smaller molecules called monomers, that can be linked together to form polymers, also called macromolecules.

A

CELLS`

59
Q

From the beginning, smaller, simpler types of cells were also seen floating around in the experimental broths. These cells were more primitive and had no obvious sub cellular components, so they were called prokaryotes meaning “before nucleus”

A

PRIMITIVE CELLS

60
Q

➡Single strand
➡ has a backbone made ofalternating sugar (ribose)and phosphate groups
➡has four bases adenine(A), uracil (U), cytosine (C)or guanine (G)

A

RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)

61
Q

➡ contains the genetic information
➡NA molecules allow this information to be passed from one generation to the next
- double-stranded helix-
Nucleotide base pairs:adenine (A) paired withthymine (T), and guanine(G) paired with cytosine (C)

A

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

62
Q

To survive, organisms learn or change or get new/lose traits suitable to their environment. Those that can survive will reproduce to pass the traits to the next generation

A

EVOLUTION

63
Q

Genes are made up of?

A

DNA

64
Q

is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity

A

GENES

65
Q

is the most important part of the cell with anuclear membrane

A

NUCLEUS

66
Q

contain enzymes that catalyze important energy-yielding reactions.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

67
Q

which are found in green plants and green algae, are the sites of photosynthesis.

A

CHLOROPLASTS

68
Q

=Is a DNA-based thread-like structure

=it is responsible for the transmission of inherited traits.

A

CHROMOSOMES

69
Q

=aggregate of DNA and protein

=is a DNA and protein-based material foundwithin chromosomes

A

CHROMATIN

70
Q

➡Each of the partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infoldings of the inner membrane.
➡give a signature, wrinkled shape to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
➡contains proteins, including ATP synthase and a range of cytochromes

A

CRISTAE

71
Q
  • Space within the inner membrane.-

- generally used as a jelly-like structure instead of cytoplasm in connective tissue

A

MATRIX

72
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have ribosomes bound to it. T or F

A

True

73
Q
  • involved in the secretion of proteins from the cell.
  • is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting.
  • Series of flattened membranes- usually involved in secretion of the protein
A

GOLGI APPARATUS

74
Q
  • Acts as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting unwanted materials in the cytoplasm.
  • membrane enclosed sacs contained hydrolytic enzymes.
  • fuse with endosomes, aiding the digestion of materials inside endosome
A

LYSOSOMES

75
Q
  • are small, membrane enclosed organelles that containsenzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions.
A

PEROXISOMES

76
Q
  • It is an anabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several microorganisms but not in animals.
  • they have a single membrane.
  • they have high equilibrium density in sucrose gradient configuration.
  • their matrix (internal content) is finely granular.
A

Glyoxysomes

77
Q

portion of the cell that lies outside the nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed

A

CYTOSOL

78
Q

lattice of fine strands, consisting mostly of protein, that pervades the cytosol

A

CYTOSKELETON

79
Q

Enclosed by a single membrane a cavity within the cytoplasm

- isolate waste substances that are toxic to the plan

A

VACUOLES

80
Q

Single celled organism

A

Unicellular organisms

81
Q

→ consists only of prokaryotic organisms

→ consist of bacteria and cyanobacteria

A

KINGDOM MONERA

82
Q

→ Unicellular
→ Eukaryotic
→ includes unicellular organisms such as Euglena, Volvox, Amoeba, and Paramecium

A

PROTISTA

83
Q

→ Multicellular
→ Eukaryotic
→ Insects, animal, human, etc

A

ANIMALIA

84
Q

→ Multicellular
→ Eukaryotic
→ yeast, mushrooms, etc

A

FUNGI

85
Q

The Fungi is under Domain Eukarya with Animalia and Plantae. T OR F?

A

TRUE

86
Q

→ Multicellular
→ Eukaryotic
→ Plants, trees, etc.

A

PLANTAE

87
Q

→ Unicellular
→ Prokaryotic organisms
→ Consist of bacteria and cyanobacteria

A

MONERA

88
Q

→ association between two organisms is seen as giving rise to a new organism that combines the traits of both the original ones.

A

Symbiotic

89
Q

→ One species gains at the other’s expense.

A

Parasitic Symbiosis

90
Q

→ A relationship that benefits both speciesinvolved.

A

Mutualism

91
Q

→ Live in extreme environments

Also called extremophiles

A

Archae Bacteria

92
Q

Strict anaerobes that produce methane (CH4) fromcarbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2)

A

METHANOGENS

93
Q

→ Require very high salt concentrations, such as those found in the Dead Sea, for growth

A

HALOPHILES

94
Q

→ Require high temperatures and acid conditions forgrowth—typically, 80°C– 90°C and pH 2.

A

THERMOACIDOPHILES

95
Q

These organisms are called archaebacteria (early bacteria) to distinguish them from eubacteria (true bacteria) because there are marked differences between the two kinds of organisms.

A

EUBACTERIE

96
Q

→ a larger host cell contains a genetically determined number of smaller organisms.

A

ENDOSYMBIOSIS

97
Q

It is important in many reactions that take placein the cell, particularly those involving synthesisof large molecules.

A

ENERGY

98
Q

The ____ is the ultimate source of energy. It provides the energy for photosynthesis, which produces carbohydrates as well as oxygen.

A

sun

99
Q

trap light energy and use it to drive the energy-requiring reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen.

A

photosynthetic Organisms

100
Q

Such as animals that consume these carbohydrates, use them as energy sources.

A

Non-photosynthetic organisms

101
Q

→ A branch of science that predicts the likelihoodof reactions.

A

THERMODYNAMICS

102
Q

A _______ is one that will take place without outside intervention. This point does not specify the reaction rate.

A

Spontaneous reaction

103
Q

What does the he first law, also known as Law of conservation of Energy states?

A

that energy can not be created or destroyed in an isolated system.
=you cant win

104
Q

states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases
=you cant break even

A

The second law of thermodynamics

105
Q

states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

A

The third law of thermodynamics

106
Q

→ most useful criterion for spontaneity of a process.

→ requires conditions of constant temperature andpressure

A

FREE ENERGY

107
Q

→ free energy of a system decreases (negative).

→ it is called exergonic (ENERGY IS RELEASED)

A

Spontaneous process

108
Q

→ the change in free energy is positive
→ energy must be supplied to occur.
→ It is called endergonic (ENERGY IS ABSORBED)

A

Nonspontaneous process

109
Q

→ free energy change is zero

A

Equilibrium

110
Q

→ Symbol G is given to free energy in his honor
→ His work is the basis of biochemical thermodynamics
→ Greatest scientist born in the United States.

A

J. Williard Gibbs

111
Q

His equation for entropy was one of his supreme achievements.
- His equation is carved on his tombstone.

A

Ludwig Boltzmann

112
Q

aims to understand the behavior of entire biological systems

A

SYSTEMS BIOLOGY

113
Q

ACID - BASE BALANCE

A

Regulation of Free Hydrogen Ion Concentrations

114
Q

It is an ionic compound

  • A bond between opposite charge that contains hydrogen and other elements
  • Also known as the proton donor, wherein it hasno electron
A

ACID

115
Q

Difference bet. strong and weak acid

A

Strong acid dissociates in equilibrium on a solution and the H+ and negative ions liberate freely in the concentration of a solution. Unlike weak acid, wherein it dissociates only in aqueous solution which makes the majority remain undissociated with little liberation in a concentration of the solution.

116
Q

it signifies hydrogen concentration and determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

A

pH scale (power of Hydrogen)

117
Q

Arterial blood: pH level=___

Venous blood: pH level=___

A

Arterial blood: pH level=7.45

Venous blood: pH level=7.35

118
Q

Why is venous blood more acidic than the arterial blood?

A

because of the carbonic acid formation from carbon dioxide wherein both have different route that resulted in indifferent encounter of substance which affect the pH level of arterial blood to the venous blood

119
Q

What is the reference/Average point for body acid-base value?)
And for someone who is dead?

A

pH= 7.4 (blood)

death: ph=8.0

120
Q

Too much acid in the blood. Below7.35 pH level.

A

Acidosis

121
Q

Too much base in the blood. Above7.45 pH level

A

Alkalosis

122
Q

= Also known as proton acceptor
= Combine with free hydrogen ion (H+)
= Strong base can bind more H+

A

BASE

123
Q

Effects of acidosis in our body:

A

depression and disorientation of CNS leading to coma.

124
Q

Effects of Alkalosis in our body:

A

Overexcitability of the peripheral (tingling sensation) and central (twitches and muscle spasm)nervous system. Death may occur in the muscle spasm in respiratory muscles that depends on breathing

125
Q

Disturb metabolic activities and deviation alter the shape and activity of protein molecules

A

Enzyme Activity

126
Q

more H+ eliminated by thekidney, less K+ is excreted that can result to cardiac arrestand other detrimental in the body.

A

Potassium level in the body

127
Q

is a protein molecule that is made up of amino acids joined in a long chain

A

ENZYME

128
Q

= Drinkable water with a pH level of 8-9
= reduces lactate concentration, an indirect marker or fatigue which means that alkaline water can accelerate muscle fatigue recovery.
= can maintain the body’s health by neutralizing acids in the body that can help eliminate the chance of obesity due to acid levels in the body.

A

Alkaline water

129
Q

is an acid with acidity greater than pure sulfuric acid. (Billion times stronger than sulfuric acid)

A

SUPERACID

130
Q

The world’s strongest superacid

=Formed by mixing hydrogen fluoride (HF) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF5).

A

Fluoroantimonic Acid

131
Q

= It is important in the body for it manages the acid and base imbalances produced by both normal and abnormal physiology
= Maintains optimal pH levels and regulates the carbon dioxide concentration.
= Primary ECF buffer against noncarbonic acid changes.

A

Carbonic acid- Bicarbonate

132
Q

= Helps to maintain acidity and around the cells.
= Maintains constant H+ ions. Without these buffer systems, cellular pH and the pH of fluids outside the cells would fall
= Primary ICF and ECF buffer

A

PROTEIN

133
Q

=Helps to maintain the normal pH of the human body
= Takes part as the principal protein inside the red blood cells. It is the primary buffer against carbonic acid.
=The CO2 transport in the form of bicarbonate is also facilitated by the buffer action and the Haldane effect of hemoglobin.

A

HEMOGLOBIN

134
Q

= Normally operates in the internal fluids of all cells.
= Maintains the intracellular pH.
= An effective physiological buffer because it’s near in the physiological.
= It is a urinary buffer

A

PHOSPHATE

135
Q

= Addition or removal of acid or base

= Minimize pH system

A

CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEM

136
Q

= Difficulty of breathing
= Due to lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration
= Carbonic Acid- produced when the carbon dioxide on lungs react with water

A

Hypoventilation

137
Q

T or F. Respiratory and Renal Compensation DO NOT partially regulates each other

A

False

138
Q

is a critical condition that occurs when waste products linked with impaired kidney function accumulate in the bloodstream.

A

UREMIC ACIDOSIS

139
Q

refers to the effects of waste product accumulation and implies “urine in the blood”

A

UREMIA

140
Q

What can cause uremia?

A

Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension. Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic disease, Obstruction of infection in kidney and Analgesic nephropathy

141
Q

Uremic acidosis is most commonly caused by:

A

chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can lead to end-stage renal (kidney) disease (ESKD), although it can also happen suddenly, resulting in possibly reversible acute kidney injury and failure (AKI).

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