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nerovirology chapter 1 > basic virology > Flashcards

basic virology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is an intracellular parasite that must use the host cell’s machinery to make new progeny infectious virus particles

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2
Q

Characteristics of a virus

A

Contains either RNA or DNA ( never both

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3
Q

characteristic of a virus

A

Not capable of independent growth (parasite)
Not capable of independent protein synthesis
Not capable of independent metabolism

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4
Q

how does a virus replicate

A

Replicates by assembly

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5
Q

can you use antibiotics to kill virus

A

NO! its susceptible to antivirals

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6
Q

Is virus viable even after freezing or crystallization ?

A

yes. the virus can be viable

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7
Q

What is the structure of an animal virus?

A

Viruses are about 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest bacterium

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8
Q

Name 6 of the virus structure

A
  • Viron
  • Capsid
  • Capsomere
  • Nucleocapsid
  • Envelope
  • Tegument
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9
Q

Infectious virus particle

A

Virion

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10
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat ( all viruses have one)

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11
Q

Capsomere

A

Morphological subunit of capsid

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12
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Capsid containing nucleic acid genome

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13
Q

Envelope

A

Lipoprotein membrane surrounding nucleocapsid

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14
Q

Area between envelope & nucleocapsid

A

Tegument

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15
Q

Capsomeres are determine by two possible capsid symmetries, what are they ?

A

Icosahedral symmetry Helical symmetry

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16
Q

how many casspid symmetry are there and what are they

A

2
Icosahedral symmetry
Helical symmetry

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17
Q

what is a Icosahedral Symmetry

A

Capsomeres form 5 : 3 : 2 symmetry

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18
Q

what does RNA form in the helical symmetry ( capsomeres)

A

Capsomeres arranged as a spiral staircase or helix.

RNA forms a spiral within the nucleocapsid

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19
Q

how does tegument play additional functional role ?

A

-Tegument proteins play functional roles in addition to being structural proteins of the virion

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20
Q

what is tegument known to be

A

composed of virus-encoded proteins

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21
Q

what is tegument proteins function

A

> Function as antigens to stimulate immune response

> May serve to alter host cell functions at time of infection

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22
Q

why does Enveloped viruses differ from nonenveloped

A

if an enveloped virus is infectious.

-An enveloped virus is less stable than a nonenveloped virus

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23
Q

why does non enveloped viruses differ from envelope viruses

A

if an enveloped virus loses its envelope its not not infectious

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24
Q

what is the third type of virus structure

A

complex structure

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25
what is complex structure
virions are brick shaped -External coat consists of lipid and tubular / globular protein structure -
26
how do viruses replicate in complex structure
replicate in cytoplasmic factories seen by light microscopy
27
DNA Genomes
- have wide range of sizes from small to large. - Most DNA-containing viruses have Double Stranded genomes. - Both circular and linear in structure - All limited to icosahedral or complex structures - Most DNA-containing viruses assemble in the nucleus, but exceptions
28
IS DNA genomes single stranded or double ?
most dna containing viruses have double stranded
29
RNA Genomes
Relatively small, with limited coding capacity
30
is RNA Genomes single stranded or double ?
Most RNA-containing viruses have SingleStranded genomes
31
what kind of symmetry is used often in RNA genomes
Flexibility of SS RNA molecule allows use of helical symmetry
32
what assemble do you use in RNA genomes
Most RNA-containing viruses assemble in the cytoplasm
33
things you may need to know for RNA genomes
- SingleStranded - helical symmetry - assemble in the cytoplasm
34
single stranded DNA deals with what type of symmetry
helical symmetry because it's easier to bend
35
there are 2 types of sense of RNA genome, what are they ?
> Negative (-) RNA genome does not act as mRNA | > Positive (+) RNA genome functions as mRNA
36
what does Negative (-) rna genome mean
RNA genome does not act as mRNA
37
what does Positive (+) rna genome mean
RNA genome functions as mRNA
38
for the virus to make an enzyme in RNA genomes, it uses
replication takes place in RNA or DNA intermediates. >RNA-dependent RNA polymerase > RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)
39
cells of your body
DNA --> mRNA --> proteins
40
Cellular genes are encoded in their
DNA
41
cells must express this information via messenger
RNA (mRNAs) | that are translated in the cytoplasm by ribosomes and associated machinery
42
mRNA ( messenger rna is defined as positive or negative ?
Positive
43
mRNAs are central to the programming of
virus protein synthesis
44
why is MRNA defined as positive strand
because it contains immediately translatable information as mRNA
45
what does Baltimore Classification scheme describes
Classification scheme describes the obligatory relationship between virus genome and its mRNA
46
how many Baltimore Classification Scheme are there
6 IV
47
what are the structure of Structure of nucleocapsid when comparing
> Icosahedral > Helical > Complex
48
what are the type of nucleic acid
> RNA | > DNA
49
Structure of genome | in compare and contrast animal viruses
> SS or DS > Linear or circular > Single molecule or segmented
50
what is the Baltimore classification (replication) scheme (dependent on messenger RNA)
``` > Class I > Class IV > Class II > Class V > Class III > Class VI ```
51
How do viruses replicate?
Whereas the cells of your body and bacteria replicate by fission, viruses replicate by assembly
52
How do viruses reproduce?
A virus is an intracellular parasite that must use the host cell’s machinery to make new progeny infectious virus particles
53
how many basic steps of replication are there ??
10
54
what are the 10 basic replication steps
1. Attachment 2. Adsorption (penetration) 3. Uncoating 4. Transcription of early mRNAs 5. Translation of early proteins (enzymes) 6. Replication of parental virus genome 7. Transcription of late mRNAs 8. Translation of late proteins (structural proteins) 9. Assembly 10. Release
55
What are the possible outcomes when an animal virus infects a host cell?
- Productive infection - Chronic Persistent - infection - Abortive infection - Latent infection - Transformation
56
when a virus first enters your body your what type of immunity
innate immunity | comes first within hours
57
when a virus enters your body your second what type of immunity
Adaptive Immunity | has memory
58
what are the 3 Innate Immunity
- Macrophages - Interferons - Natural Killer (NK) cells
59
Interferons have
Type I interferons & Type II interferons
60
what is Type I interferons
(IFN-a and IFN-b antiviral interferons
61
what is Type II interferons
(IFN-g) – regulatory interferon adaptive immunity
62
what are the 3 adaptive cell
- Delayed response - Systemic - Memory
63
what are the 2 asaptive immunity
Humoral Immunity B cells Cellular Immunity T cells both white blood cell.
64
humoral immunity is mediated by
B CELLS | originated by bone marrow
65
cellular immunity is mediated by
T cells thymus
66
______ produces antibodies whille ______ does not
B cells ( bone marrow ) humoral Tcells ( thymus) ( cellular)
67
antibodies mean
Immunoglobulins
68
Immunoglobulin M (IgM
produced before IgG primary infection ( covid testing)
69
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)80%
only antibody cross the placenta
70
there are three types of T lymphocytes cells
Effector T cells Regulator T cells Memory T cells white blood cells that actually protect you

nerovirology chapter 1 (4 decks)

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