basics

Question 1

which ventricle occupies most of the anterior surface

Answer 1

right ventricle

Question 2

comes out of the right ventricle and
bifurcates into its left and right branches and heads into the lungs

Answer 2

pulmonary artery

Question 3

comes out of the left ventricle, ascends to the level of the sternal angle, and then arches up and over the pulmonary arteries and then descends into the thorax

Answer 3

aorta

Question 4

dump their blood collected deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

Answer 4

superior and inferior vena cava

Question 5

dump oxygenated blood return from the lungs into the left atrium

Answer 5

pulmonary veins

Question 6

sac around the heart

Answer 6

pericardium

Question 7

inner lining

Answer 7

endocardium

Question 8

heart muscle

Answer 8

myocardium

Question 9

outer surface

Answer 9

epicardium

Question 10

myocardium has what

Answer 10

intercalated disks with gap junctions = speed!

Question 11

❖ Right atrium, near the
insertion of the SVC
❖ Inherent rhythm 60-100
bpm)
❖ Usually sets the heart
rate (sinus rhythm)
❖ Initiates Depolarization
Wave

Answer 11

SA node

Question 12

❖ Anterior
❖ Middle (Wenckebach
branch)
❖ Posterior

Answer 12

internal pathways

Question 13

Anterior Inter-Atrial band or Bachmann’s bundle

Answer 13

interatrial pathways

Question 14

❖ Located at the base of the
right atria near the
interventricular septum
❖ Smaller cells, fewer gap
junctions = Slower
❖ Maximal rate is 40-60 bpm;
also maximal ventricular rate

Answer 14

AV node

Question 15

❖ Only cellular connection between atria and ventricles
❖ Together AV node and AV bundle make up the AV junctional tissue
❖ If SA node fails, AV junctional tissue can control heart rate
❖ Intrinsic heart rate of 40-60 bpm
❖ Slows down the cardiac impulse
❖ Impulse is delayed before conducting down the bundle of His and its branches to depolarize the ventricles.

Answer 15

AV junction or bundle of HIS

Question 16

left anterior bundle branch; thinner,
carries impulses to septum, left
anterior wall, and anterior papillary
muscle

Answer 16

left anterior fascicle

Question 17

. post. bundle branch; thicker, carries impulses to posterior, inferior, left ventricular free wall and posterior papillary m. with dual blood supply, less likely to become
ischemic

Answer 17

left posterior fascicle

Question 18

travel down towards the apex of the heart where they fan out into Purkinje fibers

Answer 18

both left and right BB

Question 19

❖ Electrical Stimulus pass through
the ventricular myocardium
❖ If both the SA and AV node fail,
The purkinje fibers can generate and electoral signal
❖ the intrinsic rate for
the purkinje system is about
20 to 40 bpm
❖ Muscular Contraction starts at
the apex and circumferential
❖ Fast rate of action potential
generation, numerous sodium
ion channels and mitochondria
and fewer myofibrils

Answer 19

purkinje fibers

Question 20

depolarization wave spreads upward from

Answer 20

apex

Question 21

atrium squeezing

Answer 21

P wave

Question 22

ventricle squeeze

Answer 22

QRS complex

Question 23

heart restarts to do it all over again

Answer 23

T wave

Question 23

normal conduction

Answer 23

sinus rhythm

Question 24

time for blood to leave atrium and fill ventricle

Answer 24

delay in AV node

Question 25

abnormal conduction

Answer 25

atrial arrhythmias junctional rhythm ventricular rhythm

Question 26

rate at which electricity is conducted

Answer 26

cardiac conductivity

Question 27

rate at which electricity is conducted at internodal pathways

Answer 27

fast

Question 27

rate at which electricity is conducted at SA node

Answer 27

slow

Question 28

rate at which electricity is conducted at AV node

Answer 28

SLOW

Question 29

rate at which electricity is conducted at right and left bundle branches

Answer 29

fast!

Question 29

rate at which electricity is conducted at purkinje fibers

Answer 29

FASTER!!

Question 30

ability to spontaneously generate an impulse (depolarize)

Answer 30

cardiac automaticity

Question 31

primary pacemaker

Answer 31

SA node

Question 31

outside of the sinus node pacemaker (non-sinus)

Answer 31

ectopic

Question 32

blockage of stimuli through AV junction

Answer 32

AV heart block

Question 32

disease of bundle branches

Answer 32

bundle branch block

Question 33

damage to ventricular muscle

Answer 33

ST segment changes

Question 34

#1 killer of all Americans, plaque and fat inside plumbing

Answer 34

coronary artery disease

Question 35

Supply the anterior septum, the anterior wall, and in most cases apex. 9 o'clock to 1 o'clock

Answer 35

LAD

Question 35

Supply the lateral wall 2 o'clock to 4 o'clock

Answer 35

LCX

Question 35

Supply the posterior lateral segments, the inferior segments, and the posterior septum. 5 o'clock to 8 o'clock

Answer 35

RCA

Question 36

what bproduces the sound of the heartbeat

Answer 36

As the heart valves close, the heart sounds of S1 and S2 arise from the vibrations emanating from the leaflets and the blood flow they “SHUT DOWN”. They SNAP CLOSED producing a noise

Question 37

Closure of the Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve (end of diastole, beginning of systole)

Answer 37

S1

Question 38

Closure of the Aortic valve and Pulmonic valve (end of systole)

Answer 38

S2

Question 38

pathologic (BAD) sounds found in diastole

Answer 38

S3 and S4

Question 39

atrioventricular valves (AV) Because they separate the atrium and ventricles

Answer 39

The Tricuspid valve and Mitral valve

Question 40

3 leaflets (Mercedes Benz)

Answer 40

aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 40

❖ Venous Side ❖ Responsible for pulmonary Circulation: ❖ circulation to the lungs and pulmonary vasculature ❖ LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM

Answer 40

right side of heart

Question 41

❖ Arterial Side ❖ Responsible for Systemic Circulation ❖ circulation to the most distal portions of the body ❖ HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM

Answer 41

left side of heart

Question 41

(EDV-ESV)

Answer 41

stroke volume

Question 41

volume of blood ejected with a single beat from the ventricle.

Answer 41

stroke volume

Question 42

CO/HR

Answer 42

stroke volume

Question 43

stroke volume normal

Answer 43

60-100mL/beat

Question 44

the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle over 1 minute ❖ HR x SV ❖ Dependent on Preload, Contractility, and Afterload

Answer 44

cardiac output

Question 44

the ability of the cardiac muscle (and cell/myocyte), when given a load (volume of blood that stretches the muscle), to shorten. = THE SQUEEZE POWER. Increased by: sympathetic stimulation Decreased by: ischemia (hypoperfusion) to the myocardium

Answer 44

myocardial contractility

Question 44

The volume of blood (the load that puts stretch pressure) that is present in the Ventricle at the end of diastole = HOW MUCH IS THE VENTRICLE BEING STRETCHED? Increased by: increased venous return, inspiration, increased intravascular volume Decreased by: exhalation, decreased LV output, pooling of blood in the capillary bed or venous system

Answer 44

preload

Question 45

There is an optimal length between sarcomeres (stretch) at which the tension in the muscle fiber is greatest resulting is the greatest force of contraction.

Answer 45

frank starling law

Question 46

the degree of vascular resistance to ventricular contraction. Or... the force of resistance that the ventricle must overcome to empty its contents at the beginning of systole. Increased by: increased arterial vascular tone, increased aortic volume, Aortic/Pulmonic valve stenosis, increased PVR

Answer 46

afterload

Question 46

The ability of the aorta/large arteries to distend (stretchiness)

Answer 46

distensibility

Question 47

esistance in the circulatory system to the flow of blood. Some resistance is required to create a blood pressure Particularly at the arteriole level Poiseuille’s Law:

Answer 47

peripheral vascular resistance