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Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the things that determine how cultures are shaped and formed

A 
Globalisation 
Education 
The media 
Family
Migration 
Travel
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2
Q

How is globalisation shaping and forming cultures

A

It is believed that the world is becoming a smaller place - due to countries’ increasing interdependence (business, politics etc.)

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3
Q

How is education shaping and forming cultures

A

In Britain, we learn about British culture at school - through subjects like history, English and RE (focus tends to be on Christianity)
Some say the National Curriculum is ethnocentric

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4
Q

How is the media shaping and forming cultures

A

The media often shapes and upholds the norms and values of a society

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5
Q

How is migration shaping and forming cultures

A

Migration has impacted culture as the UK has well-established Afro-Carribean, Indian, Pakistani communities that are part of the British culture

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6
Q

How is travel shaping and forming cultures

A

People are more geographically mobile and this has had a massive influence on how cultures change/form e.g. fashions, food tastes, norms

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7
Q

Factors that make up our identities

A 
Lifestyle 
Age 
Social class
Gender 
Family position 
Nationality 
Ethnicity
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8
Q

What is culture

A

Whole way of life of a society. This involves things that are shared by the members of a society e.g. norms, values, language & behaviour

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9
Q

What is socialisation

A

The process of learning how to behave in a way that is appropriate and acceptable to your culture

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10
Q

How is culture taught to us

A

Through the agents of socialisation

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11
Q

What is primary socialisation

A

The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society to which they are born

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12
Q

What is secondary socialisation

A

Socialisation that happens outside the home later in life. It teaches ways to behave in different socialisations

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13
Q

What are the 4 main sociological perspectives

A

Marxists
Functionalists
Feminists
New Right

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14
Q

Functionalists beliefs

A

Every part of society has a function

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15
Q

Marxists beliefs

A

The rich and powerful stay in power by taking advantage of the workers

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16
Q

Feminist beliefs

A

Society is divided by gender

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17
Q

New Right belief

A

Want a return to traditional values

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18
Q

Oxana Malaya case

A

Found at 8 in Ukraine, 1991
Alcoholic parents neglected her so she lived in a dog kennel
Raised by dogs, moved on all fours, barked, acute sense of hearing, sight and smell

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19
Q

Identity

A

How we see ourselves and how others see us

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20
Q

Postmodern

A

A sociological theory about how society changed from the 1900s onward

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21
Q

Status

A

The amount of prestige a person’s position in society gives them

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22
Q

Ascribed status

A

The position in society you are born with or inherited

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23
Q

Achieved status

A

Your position in society that has been earned by your own efforts

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24
Q

Role

A

Part you play associated with norms and expectations

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25
Multiple roles
Playing more than one role
26
Role conflict
Where the demands of one role clash with another role
27
Cultural diversity
Difference between cultures
28
Subculture
A smaller culture within a culture with its norms and values
29
Feral child
A child who has been brought up without human contact
30
Evidence to support nature
The idea that genes, biology, instinct and intuition are what control human behaviour
31
Nurture theories
Sociologists tend to think that nurture or how we are brought up is the most important influence on human behaviour We are taught to act as we do through processes of socialisation, where we learn the normal & expected behaviour to our culture
32
Evidence to support nurture
Historical evidence - If our behaviour was in our genes then human behaviour over a period of time would hardly change e.g. witchcraft Anthropological evidence - If our behaviour was in our genes then people all over the world would behave in the same way Case studies of feral children
33
Margaret Mead
1901-1970 | Anthropologist who conducted cross-cultural gender studies in New Guinea
34
Who are the three tribes Margaret Mead studied
The Arapesh The Mundugumor The Tchambuli
35
The Arapesh
Gentle & peaceful Started to wear clothes after meeting westerners They wore bark All were equally feminine
36
The Mundugumor
War-like & fierce for both men and women Harsh with children - carried them in scratchy baskets, did not spend much time with them, hardly spoke to them Equal gender roles
37
The Tchambuli
Opposite to West (men did shopping and wore makeup and the women were warriors)
38
Agents of socialisation
``` Family Workplace Media Education Peer groups ```
39
Family as an agent of socialisation
Parents reinforce gender norms and expectations, 'little princess', 'brave soldier' Discourage behaviour associated with opposite sex Little girls play with toy kitchens, boys do not Manipulation - toys reflecting gender Canalisation - language to enforce stereotypes
40
Education as an agent of socialisation
Hidden Curriculum Taught through various lessons Institutions set up with the goal of socialising the student who attends
41
Peer groups as an agent of socialisation
Feel accepted and part of the group through shared behaviour With them regularly - big role socialising Feel pressure to conform to their norms and values Can mock you, verbally abuse and exclude you
42
Positive ways peer groups socialise you
``` Humour Hobbies Way you dress Way you talk Belief Confidence Manners Actions - studying ```
43
Negative ways peer groups socialise you
``` Take drugs Smoking Joining a gang Rudeness/attitude Crime Truanting school Not doing work ```
44
What does socialisation at work depend on
The job you are doing
45
Treatment of women in the workplace
Inequality | Feminists argue that the workplace is dominated by men - patriarchal society
46
Why do women do lower paid jobs
Have been socialised into this inequality from their primary socialisation
47
The glass ceiling
The invisible barrier that prevents women reaching the highest positions in companies therefore creating inequality between men & women
48
Gender influences in schools
``` National curriculum Hidden curriculum Homework/coursework Role models Single sex schooling Government initiatives Resources ```
49
Gender influences outside school
``` Socialisation Job markets Law Feminist movements Girls' priorities ```
50
National curriculum as an influence
All pupils study the same subjects including maths and science etc. This means that girls are studying the same core subjects as boys. But some sociologists say that it hasn't helped encourage girls to choose science at A level
51
Hidden curriculum as an influence
Use of gendered regimen Girls - netball, Boys - football Uniforms Lining up
52
Homework/coursework as a gender influence
Girls spend more time on homework and are better organised- coursework is a big part of GCSEs therefore girls do better
53
Role models as a gender influence
Teaching has become feminised | Women are more likely to be classroom teachers, especially in primary schools. This gives girls positive role models
54
Single sex schools as a gender influence
Girls do better in single sex schools
55
Government initiatives as an gender influence
Trying to encourage more girls to do science and technology WISE - Women Into Science and Technology GIST - Girls Into Science and Technology GATE - Girls And Tech Education
56
Resources as an gender influence
Teachers are encouraged to make their resources more girl friendly
57
Girls' priorities as an gender influence
Have changed Girls now want careers and qualifications Girls want to be financially independent
58
Free time as a gender influence
Girls have a 'bedroom culture' staying in and talking with friends. Boys are more likely to play computer games and football
59
Why do boys underachieve
``` M - Masculinity crisis A - Attention to work L - Literacy E - Esteem S - Sissy/Geek ```
60
Masculinity crisis as a reason why boys underachieve
Boys are going through a process of reassessment of what is seen as 'masculine' in society. Years ago their traditional gender role was clear as breadwinner
61
Attention to work as a reason why boys underachieve
More likely to suffer from poor motivation. Boys pay less attention to their work and are easily distracted
62
Literacy as a reason why boys underachieve
Boys have poorer literacy and language skills. Parents spend less time reading to sons. Boys hobbies are sports and that does little to help develop their language and communication skills
63
Esteem as a reason why boys underachieve
Boys increasingly suffer from a lack of self esteem and lack confidence
64
Fear of ridicule (sissy/geek) as a reason why boys underachieve
Peer pressure and fear of ridicule and the need to fit in all contribute to boys not being seen to try
65
What we learn from the media
Informal control - right and wrong through programmes Gender role socialisation - showing us stereotypes of dominant males and petty and emotional females Labelling according to gender/ethnic groups Expected norms and values and how we should behave Sanctions for our behaviour and actions - punishment/praise
66
Norms
Accepted and expected behaviour in a specific situation

Sociology (5 decks)

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